北京市典型餐饮企业油烟中醛酮类化合物污染特征

醛酮类化合物作为餐饮油烟的组成物质之一,是挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)中化学反应活性较强的一类物质.但目前国内还没有针对餐饮源醛酮类化合物的排放特征进行较为系统的研究.为进一步明确餐饮源醛酮类化合物排放水平和控制现状,获取城市群餐饮源VOCs排放控制决策依据,本研究选取北京市8家不同类型的餐饮企业,采用涂布2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的硅胶采样管进行油烟样品采集,用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)对油烟样品中的醛酮类化合物进行测定.结果表明按基准风量折算后,8家餐饮企业排放的油烟中醛酮类化合物浓度高低依次是:烤鸭中式烧烤家常菜西式快餐学校食堂中式快餐川菜淮扬菜.餐饮企业油烟中醛酮类化合物(C1~C9)浓度水平范围为115.47~1 035.99μg·m-3.不同类型餐饮企业油烟中醛酮类化合物组分构成存在较为明显的差异,中式餐饮企业醛酮类化合物C1~C3物质所占比例均在40%以上.快餐类餐饮企业醛酮类化合物C4~C9所占比例明显高于其他类型餐饮企业.从醛酮类化合物控制现状来看,北京市目前主流高压静电式油烟净化器对醛酮类化合物的去除效果十分有限.     

Wild tomato leaf extracts for spider mite and cowpea aphid control

Glandular trichomes on the leaves of wild tomato, L. hirsutum f. hirsutum Mull, also known as Solanum habrochaites (Solanaceae), synthesize and accumulate high levels of methyl ketones (MKs). L. hirsutum accession LA 407, having high concentration of MKs, was grown from seeds under greenhouse conditions. Four MKs (2-undecanone, 2-dodecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-pentadecanone) were screened for their toxicity to spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and cowpea aphids, Aphis craccivora Koch. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) develop a bioassay for testing MKs on spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality and (2) compare the efficacies of wild tomato leaf crude extracts and pure standard materials of MKs against spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality. Our results revealed that spider mites are most sensitive to 2-tridecanone (LC₅₀ = 0.08 μmole cm^?2 of treated leaf surface) and least sensitive to 2-undecanone (LC₅₀ = 1.5 μmole cm^?2 of treated leaf surface) 4 h after treatment. Similarly, 2-tridecanone caused greatest mortality (LC₅₀ = 0.2 μmole cm^?2 of treated leaf surface), whereas 2-undecanone caused the lowest morality (LC₅₀ = 0.48 μmole cm^?2 of treated surface) of cowpea aphid. We concluded that all MKs tested in this investigation are toxic to spider mites and aphids. 2-Tridecanone is more effective in killing mites and aphids compared to other MKs. Toxicity of crude extracts, prepared from the leaves of L. hirsutum accession LA 407, to spider mites and cowpea aphids revealed greater mortality compared to a combined mixture of MKs standard material (used at the same concentration as found on LA 407 leaves). This indicates that in addition to MKs, other unidentified compounds in LA 407 leaf extract also have pesticidal properties. Accordingly, leaf extracts of LA 407 could be explored in crop protection, and they might open a new area of MK formulations and discovery of biorational alternatives for pest control in agricultural fields.     

A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Summary. This review summarizes the literature related to the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic significance, and management. Beetles in the family Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and as vectors of tree diseases. Exotic species associated with solid wood packing materials have been notable tree killers in North American urban and peri-urban forests. In forested ecosystems native species respond to disturbances such as fires and windstorms, and initiate the biodeterioration of woody tissue. Eggs are laid by females, on or through the bark surface of stem and branch tissue of moribund, recently killed or decomposing woody plants; larval cerambycids (roundheaded woodborers) typically feed in the phloem and later in the xylem. Females will also, in some cases, select living hosts, e.g. adult conifer and angiosperm trees, for oviposition. Research on the chemical ecology of over 70 species has revealed many examples of attractive kairomones (such as floral volatiles, smoke volatiles, trunk and leaf volatiles, and bark beetle pheromones), repellents and deterrents, oviposition stimulants, short- and long-range sex pheromones, and defensive substances. Emerging generalities are that attractants tend to be monoterpenoids and phenolic esters; oviposition stimulants are monoterpenoids and flavanoids; short-range sex pheromones are female-produced, methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons; and long-range sex pheromones are male-produced -hydroxy ketones and (,)-diols ranging in length from 6 to 10 carbons. The latter compounds appear to originate from glands in the male thorax; putative defensive substances originate from metasternal secretory pores or mandibular glands. In one unusual case, a flightless, subterranean female that attacks sugar cane produces a sex pheromone that is derived from the amino acid isoleucine. With significantly more than 35,000 species of Cerambycidae worldwide, these generalities will be subject to change as more species are examined. Addendum The authors would like to point out that the electronic version is more accurate than the printed version.     

A trail pheromone component of the African stink ant, Pachycondyla (Paltothyreus) tarsata Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Summary. The African stink ants (Pachycondyla tarsata) lay recruitment trails with secretions from sternal glands. The glandular secretions consist of 10 compounds, 9 of which have been chemically identified. One of the substances, 9-heptadecanone, elicits trail following behavior in P. tarsata workers that have before been stimulated by a sucessful scout ant. Received 7 August 1998; accepted 24 November 1998.     

Kinetic and mechanism studies of the ozonolysis of three unsaturated ketones

Reaction rate constants and products of 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one with ozone were studied in a 100-L fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film bag using absolute rate method at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure. The rate constants were (1.09 ± 0.12) × 10^?17, (3.48 ± 0.36) × 10^?17 and (5.70 ± 0.60) × 10^?17 cm³/(molecule?sec), respectively. According to the obtained rate constants, the effects of carbonyl were discussed. The carbonyl group in β position has a net withdrawing effect with respect to an olefinic bond, then causing the decline of rate constants. The quantum chemical calculation was used to explain the results of rate constants. The products of ozonolysis were mainly aldehydes, which have significant influence on the formation of SOA, and hence play an important role in the atmosphere. In this work, we detected the main products of reaction and proposed the reaction mechanism by combining the results of quantum chemical calculations. Atmospheric lifetime for three unsaturated ketones reacted with ozone was 36.4, 11.4 and 6.9 hr for 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one, respectively.     

醇类汽油车醇醛酮、芳香烃和烯烃类排放的试验研究

在两辆试验车上分别燃用纯汽油、M15、M30燃料以及纯汽油、E10、E20燃料,进行了常温25℃Ⅰ型、低温-7℃Ⅵ型和Ⅳ型蒸发排放试验.通过FTIR、HPLC、GC-MS等多种方法联合测量了醇类汽油车的醇醛酮、芳香烃和烯烃类排放.结果表明,不论是在常温还是在低温下,随着燃料中醇类比例的增加,未燃甲醇、甲醛、乙醛排放成比例地增加,苯、甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯和异丁烯排放略有降低.在低温环境温度下,各种非常规污染物的排放明显高于在常温环境温度下.E10、汽油、M15这3种燃料在整个蒸发排放试验过程中的HC排放量相差不大.3种燃料在昼间呼吸试验中的各种非常规污染物蒸发排放差异值较小.     

HPLC法测定水和废水中的醛酮类化合物

将水样用1mol／L柠檬酸缓冲液调节至酸性(pH=3),其中醛酮类化合物与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)发生衍生化反应,生成稳定的化合物——腙,经C18固相萃取小柱富集、乙腈淋洗后,用带有二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)经32 min完成15种醛酮类化合物定性、定量分析。当测定样品为100mL时,检测限均为μg／L级,其中丙酮最高为16μg／L,丁醛最低为1.1μg／L,一般在2μg／L～6μg／L之间。     

深圳市餐饮油烟醛酮类化合物污染特征研究

餐饮业的快速发展加剧了城市大气污染程度.对深圳市粤菜馆、茶餐厅、西餐厅、湘菜馆4种餐馆及职工食堂排放的醛酮类化合物进行采样分析,并研究其组分特征、大气化学反应活性及排放因子.结果表明,职工食堂醛酮类化合物的基准风量排放浓度最高(742.28μg·m~(-3)),茶餐厅最低(30.49μg·m~(-3)).OH消耗速率法(L_(OH))和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)分析结果表明,深圳市总醛酮L_(OH)值和OFP值最大的餐馆均为西餐厅,其值分别为26.20 s~(-1)和1063.41μg·m~(-3).各餐馆排放己醛的L_(OH)贡献率均较高,为13.10%～64.51%.甲醛为O_3生成的关键活性物质,OFP贡献率为9.29%～59.10%.以灶台数、单位时间及用油量为核算基准的排放因子中,职工食堂醛酮排放因子均最大,分别为(0.16±0.03) g·h~(-1)·stove~(-1)、(5.90±0.13) g·h~(-1)和(1.62±0.04) g·kg~(-1);茶餐厅的醛酮排放因子均最小,分别为(0.34±0.02) g·h~(-1)·stove~(-1)、(0.60±0.02) g·h~(-1)和(0.22±0.01) g·kg~(-1).结合研究结果,本研究从源头控制、净化设备的选择及运营维护等方面对深圳市餐饮油烟醛酮控制及减排提出了相关建议.     

静电油烟净化器对餐饮油烟中醛酮类VOCs的去除

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）硅胶管采集了9家餐饮企业静电油烟净化装置处理前后的醛酮类VOCs样品,并采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）进行分析.结果表明,9家餐饮企业处理前后的油烟中醛酮类VOCs浓度范围分别为419.5~3372,415.8~2934μg/m³,经过基准风量折算后的浓度分别为783.4~3761和541.7~2997μg/m³,VOCs排放浓度与烹饪方式、实际使用灶头数和排风量有关.从排放的醛酮类VOCs的种类来看,C1~C3化合物的浓度占检测到的总羰基的66%以上,且甲醛占比最高,其次是乙醛;C4~C8化合物的含量相对较低.静电式油烟净化器对醛酮类VOCs的平均净化效率为31.82%,最高可达69.14%,其中对甲醛的净化效果最佳,平均为35.21%,最高达80.10%.复合式静电油烟净化器的净化效果要稍好于单一静电油烟净化器.     

HPLC和GC-MS法测定环境空气中醛酮类化合物比对分析

对2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附衍生-高效液相色谱（DNPH-HPLC）法和罐采样/气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法的测定条件进行优化,将两种方法测定环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物（OVOCs）的结果做比对分析。结果表明,HPLC法和GC-MS法均可实现一次进样13种OVOCs全分析,方法检出限分别为0.26μg/m3～1.39μg/m3和0.49μg/m3～1.10μg/m3,加标回收率分别为95.9%～111%和52.0%～138%。两种方法测定实际样品,检出组分的测定结果无显著性差异;HPLC法适合测定环境空气中低碳类（C1～C3）低浓度OVOCs,GC-MS法适合测定多碳类（C4～C8）低浓度OVOCs。