Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

An isolated AC module for photovoltaic energy conversion

In this paper, an isolated ac module with pseudo dc-link and galvanic isolation is proposed for photovoltaic energy conversion. The studied grid-tie ac module can individually extract the maximum solar power from each photovoltaic panel and transfer to ac utility system. It consists of an interleaved active-clamping single-ended primary-inductive circuit (SEPIC) with a secondary voltage doubler, a full-bridge polarity selector operating under line frequency to achieve high efficiency. For the studied topology, key features such as reduced input current ripple, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of primary switches, low reverse-recovery current of the output diodes, and lower switch voltage stress are obtained. Also, to reduce input current ripple, an interleaved control strategy is adopted. A simple control strategy is proposed to generate a rectified sinusoidal waveform voltage at the pseudo dc-link capacitors and achieve the high maximum power point tracking (MPPT) accuracy. The operation principles and design considerations of the studied ac module are analyzed and discussed. A prototype with 25–60 V dc input, 110 V/60 Hz ac output and 150 W power rating has been constructed for verifying the feasibility of the proposed ac module.     

天津市城区暴雨沥涝仿真模拟系统的研究

天津市位于黄河水系尾闾，是我国北方重要的工业和港口城市。该市历史上一直遭受洪涝灾害的威胁，加之近几年市区范围不断扩大，不透水面积增加，排水能力远远不能适应城市的发展要求，城市沥涝问题日趋严重。为了掌握天津市暴雨沥涝的规律，减轻洪涝灾害对该市的影响，作者利用二维不恒定流水动力学模型和计算机信息管理及图形技术，采用Power Station Fortran 4.0和Visual Basic5.0编程语言，在Widows98环境下开发了天津市暴雨沥涝仿真模拟系统。该系统首次实现了从城市暴雨预报、监测到城市暴雨沥涝仿真模拟的研究， 不仅能够处理实时的不均匀的降雨信息，还能处理数值预报模型的预报降雨信息。系统的信息前后处理模块用图形方式管理仿真模型的各类信息，方便用户显示、查询和修改，使系统更加完整、实用。     

脉冲激光发射模块电磁屏蔽效能仿真分析

目的 提高脉冲激光发射模块的电磁兼容性。方法 基于腔体的电磁屏蔽机理,使用HFSS软件,建立脉冲激光发射模块腔体模型,以电磁敏感度、电磁干扰2个方面对腔体电磁屏蔽效能进行仿真分析。结果 设计的双层屏蔽腔体在电磁波辐照频率为1~100 kHz时,屏蔽效能达到28 dB;电磁波辐照频率为0.2~18 GHz时,屏蔽效能达到47 dB。结论 当电磁波辐照频率在1~100 kHz时,腔体的屏蔽效能随频率的增加而增大。辐射源外部激励时,双层屏蔽腔体使用外层铁内层铜屏蔽效能较高。电磁波辐照频率在0.2～18 GHz时,腔体的屏蔽效能随频率的增大而减小,且发生了谐振效应。当腔体厚度相等时,双层屏蔽的屏蔽效能高于单层屏蔽。使用电缆连接器代替孔洞进行信号传输时,腔体屏蔽效能增加。     

公众参与环境保护制度属性及制度模块构建

民主政治是公众参与制度的出发点和归宿,通过公众的有效参与,环境执法权得到监督;有序是公众参与制度的自然属性,有序才能使参与变得顺畅;利益均衡是公众参与制度的价值准则,环境矛盾最终体现为环境利益和经济利益之争,解决环境纠纷的最佳手段是寻找利益均衡点;政府居于环境执法的主导地位,同时发挥指导、引导、疏导公众和企业的作用;多重沟通平台是公众参与制度的效率保证,政府、企业、公众在执法前后的多重沟通,才能达到参与的最终目标。与公众参与环境执法制度属性相对应的是制度模块建设,如监督制度、程序制度、纠纷调处制度、润性执法制度以及沟通制度等。这些制度既能准确反映公众参与环境执法制度属性,又能完成制度赋予的使命。     

基于VR技术的机场应急救援虚拟演练平台

为解决机场实地应急演练中存在的成本消耗高、不安全、扩展性差等问题，研发基于VR技术的机场应急救援虚拟演练平台。平台采用模块化设计方案，并通过定义平台操作流程支持虚拟演练操作。采取分细节度的场景构建方法，运用细节层次模型以3层不同细节度模型方案将虚拟灾害场景划分为3类，同时利用Unity3D粒子系统控制机制实现火灾及灭火粒子特效的模拟，运用双顶层本体模型构建机场应急预案本体模型（AERPO），并利用XML Spy建立存储模型，且支持基于典型场景模型编辑形成整个灾害场景。结果表明:平台模块设置科学、场景效果合理，有助于提升演练人员应急处置能力。     

大气非甲烷烃在线测量系统的研发与应用

为满足大气非甲烷烃(NMHCs)时空分布监测需求,开发出一套可用于移动观测的小型在线测量系统.环境空气经Teflon膜去除颗粒物后,以100 m L·min-1流速采样进入多床吸附剂捕集阱,样品气中的NMHCs在-10℃的温度下被捕集,之后,捕集阱经高纯氮气反吹后迅速升温至300℃,载气(高纯氮气)以1.6 m L·min-1将解吸出的样品送入GC-FID进行检测.通过系列条件实验,确定了吸附剂的最佳组合和仪器运行的最优参数,在此条件下,本系统最低检出限为0.01 nmol·mol-1(顺-2-丁烯),标准工作曲线R2为0.9991~0.9998,10次重复实验RSD3%.本系统与现有商业化设备TH-300B的测量结果具有较好的一致性,在实际外场应用中,运行稳定性高、能准确追踪12种典型NMHCs的大气浓度变化,可为定量分析大气二次污染形成机制提供关键前体物信息.     

单列余模的性质探讨

单列模是一种结构非常有趣的模类,它的子模构成一条链,单列余模作为单列模的对偶也具有类似的特殊结构.文中主要把单列模的相关性质推广到了单列余模上.     

浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器处理啤酒废水试验

研究了新型浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器(SDRAnMBR)处理模拟啤酒废水的运行性能.研究结果表明,SDRAnMBR对啤酒废水有较好的处理效果,处理过程负荷提高快,有机物去除率高,系统耐冲击负荷的能力强,而且运行非常稳定.正常运行期间,进水COD在2900～5200mg·L-1,容积负荷为4.97～12.48kg·m-·3d-1(以COD计)时,COD的平均去除率为95.15%.膜截留和三相旋转流的共同作用,加强了在高污泥浓度(MLSS)和高负荷条件下运行时的混合和传质,从而强化了SDRAnMBR在高MLSS和高容积负荷下运行的稳定性和出水水质.     

探析模糊控制无线节点网路技术在石油化工安全中的应用

在石油化工领域,为了有效预防和控制易燃易爆有毒气体的泄漏燃烧爆炸,利用计算机技术和电信通讯网络,处理信息和传输信息,以监测探头、无线接收发模块、监控主计算机三部分构建一套安全预警监控系统。在化工厂或危险源区域的危险点,设置多处监测节点,接受信息传输到无线接收发模块,进行模糊化计算、推理,判断后输出结果到监控主计算机,监控主计算机向安全管理人员、现场工作人员等发出报警信息。