The Spatiotemporal Pattern of Fires in Northern Taiga Larch Forests of Central Siberia

The periodicity of fires in larch forests of Evenkia and their relationship with landscape elements have been studied. Cross-sections with “burns” in them caused by past fires have been analyzed in 72 test plots; the fire chronology encompassed the period from the 15th to the 20th century. The between-fire intervals (BFIs) have been calculated by two methods: (I) on the basis of burns alone and (II) on the basis of burns and the start of growth of the new generation of larch after the earliest fire. The BFI depends on local orographic features; it is 86 ± 11 (105 ± 12), 61 ± 8 (73 ± 8), 139 ± 17 (138 ± 18), and 68 ± 14 (70 ± 13) years for northeastern slopes, southwestern slopes, bogs, and flatlands, respectively. The mean BFIs calculated by methods I and II are 82 ± 7 and 95 ± 7 years, respectively. The permafrost horizon rises at a mean rate of 0.3 cm per year after a forest fire. It has been shown that the number of fires regularly peaks at periods of 36 and 82 years. There is also a temporal trend in fire frequency: the mean BFI was approximately 100 years in the 19th century and 65 years in the 20th century.     

青藏铁路冻土区混凝土灌注桩施工对基础承载安全性影响研究

青藏铁路冻土区的桥梁桩基施工大量采用了钻孔灌注桩,在暖季黄金施工季节中,地基土的回冻时间就不能按照规范来确定。如果不能准确分析回冻时间,在后期架梁等施工操作中很可能会因桩基失效而发生重大安全生产事故,给青藏铁路建设带来严重影响。因此,需根据现场的施工条件确定地基土回冻时间,保证施工安全和高效。为此,笔者对混凝土不同入模温度条件下钻孔灌注桩回冻过程进行了深入研究,从理论和实际上确定桩基周围冻土形成承载力的过程和规律,对今后桩基承载的各个阶段的安全性和可靠度在理论和实践中找到科学的结论。研究中应用青藏高原的各种观测数据、施工数据,根据工程传热学理论加以分析,采用ANSYS工程分析软件进行模拟,得出了较为精确的结果,研究的结论为青藏铁路施工修改施工规范、保障施工安全提供了理论上的依据。     

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter in larch forests in the cryolithozone of central Siberia

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in larch biogeocenoses and its export from the drainage basin have been studied in the zone of continuous permafrost. A comparative assessment of DOM input into the soil has been made on slopes of northern and southern exposures (as variants reflecting the current state and warming). The dynamics of DOM export in a creek depending on the increasing depth of the active soil horizon in the drainage area have been revealed. It is concluded that an increase in the depth of the seasonally thawing layer induced by global warming will not have any significant effect on the amount of annual DOM export. Reduction of DOM export may be expected upon a decrease in litter stocks under the effect of their mineralization and forest fires.     

长江源区基于坡面尺度的土壤水热过程模拟研究

长江源多年冻土区土壤水热传输过程机理与模拟,是广泛关系到高原生态环境保护恢复和区域水文过程的关键科学问题。因此,以GEOtop模型为研究平台,以长江源不同植被盖度下（裸地、30%、65%和92%）高寒草甸的观测数据为基础,检验模型对土壤水热迁移过程的描述与模拟精度。总体而言,GEOtop模型需要率定的参数较少,从而减少模型模拟的不确定性,提高了模拟精度。对不同植被盖度下土壤温度、水分和实际蒸散发模拟的NSE 系数基本达到08,表明模型能准确模拟高寒生态系统土壤的水热传输过程,可以作为长江源区土壤水热过程的有效模拟工具     

Ecological Mechanisms of the Formation of Biological Rhythms in Hibernators of the Family Sciuridae in Northeastern Siberia

A mechanism of the formation of biological rhythms in hibernators at cold temperatures is proposed. Certain ecophysiological characteristics have been studied in three hibernating species: the ground squirrels Citellus undulatus Pallas, 1778 and C. parryi Richardson, 1825 and the chipmunk Tamias sibiricus Laxmann, 1769. The changes in body temperature and the temperature of litter in wintering nests during hibernation seasons have been studied. The dependences of metabolic rate on ambient temperature and the size and species of animals have been studied.     

极地冻土低温力学特性及井眼坍塌风险分析*

为解决极地冻土区油气资源储量极大但其力学特性和钻井井壁失稳机理尚不清晰的问题,对冻土岩样开展低温三轴力学特性实验,并基于此开展钻井井壁坍塌失稳相关数值模拟分析。结果表明:冻土的极限强度会随温度的降低和围压的增大而逐渐提高;冻土弹性模量尽管会随温度的降低而增加,但受围压影响较小,而泊松比基本不受温度及围压的影响;冻土内聚力会随实验温度的降低得到较大幅度提升,但不同实验温度范围内温度对冻土内聚力的影响程度存在差异,实验温度高于-12.5 ℃时温度对冻土内聚力的影响较强;极地冻土储层钻井过程近井地带冰的分解会随钻井作业的进行而逐渐变慢,冰的最终分解前缘位置为0.079 6 m,井眼扩大率达到63.51%。研究结果可为极地冻土层油气资源钻井作业设计提供参考与指导。     

长江源多年冻土区地下水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其影响因素

基于长江源区冬克玛底流域2017年6～9月采集的84个地下水样品,分析了地下水稳定同位素特征及其影响因素,讨论了地下水的补给来源.结果表明,研究区多年冻土区地下水δ~(18)O的变化范围为-15. 3‰～-12. 5‰,平均值为-14. 0‰;δD的变化范围为-108. 9‰～-91. 7‰,平均值为-100. 2‰,与当地大气降水相比,地下水较为富集重同位素;地下水线(LG)的斜率和截距均低于全球和局地大气降水线(GMWL和LMWL),表明地下水在接受降水的补给后经历了不同程度的蒸发作用;地下水氘盈余(d-excess)变化范围为4. 9‰～25. 0‰,平均值为11. 6‰,低于大气降水平均氘盈余值;地下水同位素与降水量存在显著的负相关关系,表明大气降水对地下水具有重要的补给作用;不同时期影响地下水同位素的组成和变化因素有所不同,在冻土的冻融前期(气温上升阶段),由于冻土活动层较薄,地下水受气温影响显著.虽然后期气温降低,但冻土活动层厚度依然在增加,此时地下水在土壤中滞留的时间的增加是地下水同位素富集的一个重要因素.结合流域的地形特点、地下水同位素特征及其影响因素,推断降水是地下水的主要补给来源.研究结果能够为长江源多年冻土区的水循环过程提供科学依据.     

Vegetation-permafrost relationships in the zone of sporadic permafrost distribution in the Kamchatka Peninsula

Studies on vegetation and permafrost table depth in the zone of sporadic permafrost distribution in the Uksichan River valley (the central Kamchatka Peninsula) have provided evidence that these components of biogeocenosis are interrelated and develop coordinately. In open larch forests with green forest mosses dominating in the ground vegetation layer, the permafrost table lies approximately 60 cm below the soil surface. When the ground vegetation layer is dominated by sphagnums, the permafrost table rises to 40–20 cm. In areas with a dwarf shrub-lichen ground layer, the soil thaw depth increases. A hypothesis is proposed that cyclic successional replacement of plant communities may take place in open larch forests on permafrost soils, including four consecutive stages with dominance of green mosses, sphagnums, lichens, and dwarf shrubs. In areas disturbed by fires, pioneer moss or herbaceous communities develop in the ground layer.     

A Method for Integrated Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change in Siberian Forests: Example of Larch Area

The conceptual scheme of integrated assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Siberian forests is elaborated and applied to the extensive area in Siberia covered by Larch forests. Forest stakeholders on the provincial level are identified to be the most relevant for an integrated impact assessment. Organisation of the assessment study as a combination of 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches is suggested. Major biophysical vulnerability indexes and regional syndromes are identified as the growing stock and current increment averaged by administrative unit. Models and data suitability and quality for an analysis of biophysical vulnerability in conditions of climate change are studied for Siberian forests and future development trends are identified. An application of the elaborated conceptual scheme, which employs two models of different type and forest inventory data, is presented for the Larch area.     

多年冻土区冻融灾害风险性评价

青藏高原多年冻土区由于自然环境变化和人为活动的影响,不少区域存在如热融滑塌、冻胀丘、融沉、冻胀等与冻土变化相关的冻融灾害。冻融灾害的存在与发展给冻土区环境与开发带来极大影响。在广泛现场调查和查阅相关资料的基础上,分析了各种灾害的形成机制以及冻融灾害的主要影响因素。结合地质灾害形成机理和多年冻土区工程建设的实际情况,确定了以岩土性质、活动层厚度、植被覆盖度、坡度、海拔、纬度为内因,年平均气温变化、人为活动为外因的评价模式。评价结果表明,整个青藏高原在现状条件下以中低风险性为主。中高风险区主要分布在年平均地温较高、人类活动强度较大的区域。