氢氧化钽对水体中磷酸盐的吸附去除作用

采用氢氧化钽为吸附剂,对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能进行了研究,考察了吸附时间、pH值、磷酸盐的初始浓度、反应温度对吸附量的影响。实验结果表明:pH值越小,氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附量越大,当pH值为2时氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附性能优,并且pH值对磷酸盐的吸附量影响较大;磷酸盐的初始浓度越大,吸附量越大,吸附平衡时间越短;氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附量和吸附速率都随着温度的升高而增加。在25℃、pH=2、初始浓度为200 mg/L、吸附30 min时达到平衡时最大吸附量为76.69 mg/g。吸附后的氢氧化钽红外谱图在1066 cm-1处出现特征峰,该峰恰好是吸附磷酸盐的伸缩振动峰,并且在638 cm-1与670 cm-1之间Ta-O键由于磷酸盐的吸附发生了蓝移。采用6 mol/L的NaOH对吸附了磷酸盐的氢氧化钽进行解吸,当pH=12时解吸率为52.45%。研究结果表明,氢氧化钽能够有效的去除水溶液中磷酸盐的吸附剂。     

营养条件对污水中小球藻生长及产能效应的影响

以过滤的富营养化的鱼塘废水为培养液,添加外源的碳、氮、磷元素,考察污水中不同的外源无机碳浓度、总氮浓度、总磷浓度对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长、油脂含量和烃类含量的影响。在25℃、光照强度为4 500 Lux、光暗比为12L:12D的条件下培养10 d。单因子方差分析和多重比较结果表明:(1)以Na2CO3做碳源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在外源无机碳浓度为6 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在外源无机碳浓度为12 mg/L最高。(2)以KNO3做氮源,小球藻生物量在总氮浓度为25 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总氮浓度为15 mg/L时最高,烃含量在总氮浓度为20 mg/L时最高。(3)以KH2PO4做磷源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在总磷浓度为2 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总磷浓度为1.5 mg/L时最高。     

Mechanism of lead immobilization by oxalic acid-activated phosphate rocks

Lead (Pb) chemical fixation is an important environmental aspect for human health. Phosphate rocks (PRs) were utilized as an adsorbent to remove Pb from aqueous solution. Raw PRs and oxalic acid-activated PRs (APRs) were used to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the Pb-binding capacity in the pH range 2.0-5.0. The Pb adsorption rate of all treatments above pH 3.0 reached 90%. The Pb binding on PRs and APRs was pH-independent, except at pH 2.0 in activated treatments. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the raw PRs formed cerussite after reacting with the Pb solution, whereas the APRs formed pyromorphite. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carbonate (CO₃^2-) in raw PRs and phosphate (PO₄^3-) groups in APRs played an important role in the Pb-binding process. After adsorption, anomalous block-shaped particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data further indicated that both chemical and physical reactions occurred during the adsorption process according to the binding energy. Because of lower solubility of pyromorphite compared to cerussite, the APRs are more effective in immobilizing Pb than that of PRs.     

鸟粪石法回收养猪废水中磷时pH对沉淀物组分的影响

采用鸟粪石沉淀法对养猪废水中的磷进行回收,应用红外光谱和X射线衍射法,并结合物料衡算研究pH变化对沉淀物组分的影响.结果表明,当pH由8.0升至9.0时,磷去除率从85%增加到94%;pH在9.0～11.0范围,磷去除率稳定在94%左右;当pH升高至12.0,磷去除率急剧下降至70％.沉淀物组分为鸟粪石(MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O)、 钾型鸟粪石(MgKPO₄·6H₂O)、 Ca₃(PO₄)₂·xH₂O和Mg(OH)₂,不含有硫酸盐和碳酸盐.当pH<9.0,沉淀物组分主要为鸟粪石;pH在9.0～10.0范围时,鸟粪石含量降低,钾型鸟粪石、 Ca₃(PO₄)₂·xH₂O含量呈逐渐增加趋势;pH由10.0升至12.0时,鸟粪石含量急剧下降,Ca₃(PO₄)₂·xH₂O和Mg(OH)₂含量快速增加,而钾型鸟粪石快速增加并在pH 11.0达到最大后急剧下降.因此,回收养猪废水中的磷时要获得纯度高的鸟粪石产品,pH值应控制在8.0～9.0.     

三门峡库区河流湿地沉积物重金属赋存形态和风险评价

调查三门峡库区河流型湿地沉积物中重金属含量和赋存形态,通过污染指数评价沉积物生态潜在风险、表层重金属可交换态与碳酸盐结合态的质量分数评价其释放风险.结果表明,沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量分别为25.8～68.5、12.1～36.7、3.25～48.74、33.5～472.4、0.16～0.69和9.04～90.74 mg.kg-1.从三门峡库区上游至大坝坝前,沉积物重金属含量呈显著增加趋势.库区最大支流渭河入黄口下游沉积物中重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量高于上游.典型污染支流宏农涧河河口沉积物重金属累积明显,极有可能是该区域矿业发展的工业废水排放所致.沉积物污染指数(SPI)平均值为3.11,介于1.83～7.39之间,渭河入黄口下游沉积物重金属污染程度明显增加,宏农涧河河口沉积物SPI=6.33,处于中度风险.污染河口表层沉积物重金属碳酸盐结合态和交换态所占金属总量的质量分数分别为Cd 63.8%～85.7%,Cu 6.58%～22.62%,Pb 10.6%～28.9%,Ni 1.56%～3.02%.支流污染物排放引起重金属累积,三门峡流域下游沉积物生态风险增加,河口表层重金属释放风险由大到小为Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni.此调查可为河流沉积物污染治理和原位修复提供了参考和依据.     

萃取-反萃法综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿中磷和镁

针对某磷矿浮选尾矿的资源特点,将其作为高镁低品位磷矿进行处理,用萃取-反萃法分离酸浸液中的镁和磷。选择正丁醇作为萃取剂,在磷酸浓度为30%、萃取相比为1:1,温度为常温,萃取时间为5min的均衡搅拌条件下,五氧化二磷萃取率可达68%以上;用水作为反萃剂,在其加入量为反萃前有机相体积的30%,反萃时间为3min,常温条件下进行反萃,反萃率可达90%以上。该研究为综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿提供了基础性资料,     

铜矿尾矿库修复植物香根草及其根际尾矿砂中重金属形态研究

香根草是一种能在极端环境中生长的草本植物。对安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿水木冲尾矿库生态修复植物香根草及其根际尾矿砂中重金属Cu、Zn、Mo和Cd进行了赋存形态分析。香根草根际尾矿砂中四种元素形态绝大部分是残渣态,但Cu和Cd的有效态含量远高于香根草正常生长所需,是主要胁迫元素。香根草的生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)均小于1,表明它严格限制这四种重金属元素在根-茎叶中的迁移。乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态是植物体中活性较高的重金属形态。香根草地下部分Cu、Zn、Mo和Cd的乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态之和占各形态总和的比例分别为10%、23%、51%和16%;地上部分相应的比例为24%、26%、47%和12%。不同重金属元素表现出不同形态分布特征,这与香根草对它们的吸收和转运方式有关。香根草根际尾矿砂及其体内重金属形态决定了它对重金属的耐受性,表明香根草是有色金属矿山尾矿库理想的生态修复植物。     

活化赤泥去除猪场废水生化处理出水中的磷和重金属

以铝矿工业废渣赤泥为原材料,采用焙烧活化方法进行活化处理,并将其用于畜禽废水生化处理出水中磷和重金属的吸附去除.同时,研究考察了吸附剂除磷、除重金属的能力以及投加量、pH值和反应时间对去除效果的影响.结果表明,赤泥和活化赤泥对磷、铜、锌、砷吸附规律符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;焙烧改性后,赤泥对磷、铜、锌、砷的去除能力显著提高,900℃焙烧活化饱和吸附量可分别由46.26、18.18 、15.45、18.83 mg·g-1提高至149.00、65.17、99.20、27.51 mg·g-1;pH显著影响除磷、除重金属的效果,高pH条件有利于磷、铜、锌、砷的去除;赤泥和活化赤泥除磷、铜、锌、砷的作用机理包含金属氧化物表面的表面络合作用机理,其对砷和磷的去除机理还包括共沉淀作用.     

超高盐高磷废水磷酸盐还原系统构建过程中磷系统转化分析研究

针对现有除磷技术存在的问题,以高盐高磷榨菜腌制废水为研究对象,探讨了磷酸盐生物还原系统构建过程中磷形态的转化.结果表明,以3%的盐度(以NaCl计,下同)废水启动反应器,通过两阶段盐度逐步提升法,在进水有机负荷(COD)0.45kg.(m3.d)-1,磷负荷(PO43--P)5.0 g.(m3.d)-1,DO 6 mg.L-1,水温30℃,且未排泥的条件下,成功构建了超高盐(7%盐度)条件下的磷酸盐还原系统.通过该磷酸盐还原系统运行26个周期中,对磷平衡及污泥中磷形态转化进行研究.结果表明,系统中平均每日有41.8 mg.L-1的外源磷损失,而污泥中共有155 mg的内源磷通过磷形态转化以及磷酸盐还原途径损失,占外源磷损失量的14.2%,占系统磷损失总量的12.5%.系统构建过程中污泥的磷形态主要以Org-P→NaOH85-P→HCl-P→NaOH-P→BD-P→H2O-P途径进行转化.     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.