电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地表水中铊的研究

本研究建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地表水中铊的方法。对仪器工作条件进行了优化,用在线内标校正基体效应的干扰,重点考察了样品测定介质、酸度、共存元素干扰等因素对测定结果的影响。在最佳实验条件下,该方法的检出限可达0.003μg/L,线性相关系数不小于0.999 9,加标回收率为93%~110%。与传统的原子吸收法相比,该方法不需要富集等繁琐的前处理过程,具有检出限低、快速、精密度和准确度高等优点。     

电晕放电等离子体技术处理水中四环素的研究

采用电晕放电等离子体技术降解水中的四环素,研究了在反应体系中,初始浓度、输入功率、电极间距、空气流量及初始pH对四环素去除效率的影响.同时,还对四环素在降解过程中不同时段的COD、TOC和B/C变化进行了研究,并对其降解产物进行了分析和讨论.实验结果表明:电晕放电等离子体对水中四环素具有较好的去除效果,在四环素初始浓度为200 mg·L-1、pH=2.47、初始电导率为1.50 mS·m-1、空气流量为0.06 m3·h-1、电极间距为4 mm、输入功率为45.0 W的条件下,反应20 min后,四环素的去除率可达到99.1%,COD去除率可达31.2%,TOC去除率可达80%左右,其B/C比提高为0.30,有效地改善了废水的可生化性.     

富氧条件下等离子体协同改性NaY分子筛催化分解NO_x研究

用不同浓度的Cu、Ce和La离子交换Na Y分子筛,对比了不同改性条件下等离子体协同分解NO_x的性能.实验结果表明:Cu是NO_x催化分解的主要活性组分,对于8%Cu-Na Y催化剂,当放电电压为10 k V,放电功率为7.6 W时,NO_x转化率可达46.3%,反应产物中没有NO_2,只有11 ppm的N_2O.Ce的加入可以有效提高催化剂催化活性,对于5%Ce-8%Cu-NaY催化剂,当放电电压为7.8 kV,功率为3.6 W时,NO_x转化率可达67.3%.La的加入同样可以使催化剂活性上升,但不同La含量催化剂的NO_x转化率相差较小.     

注入式低温等离子体技术用于卷烟厂异味处理的效果研究

将注入式低温等离子体技术应用于烟厂制丝排潮和制丝除尘排放气体异味处理中,研究了注入式低温等离子体发生器参数对臭味浓度、非甲烷总烃和可检出典型有机物去除率的影响规律。结果表明:注入式低温等离子体发生器工作电压越高,注入处理烟道的氧化活性物种浓度越高,注入量越大,臭味浓度、非甲烷总烃和可检出典型有机物去除率也越高。选取合理的工作电压,臭味浓度去除率可达90%以上,非甲烷总烃去除率分别达到了83.8%(制丝排潮)和78.1%(制丝除尘)。     

大气压等离子体射流对水中铜绿微囊藻的灭活作用

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,将空气源大气压等离子体射流(APPJ)引入到液相,构建新型的大气压等离子体射流液相反应体系,考察了不同APPJ处理方式对铜绿微囊藻的灭活效率,观察了放电处理的藻细胞形态,分析了培养基p H的变化和液相产生的主要活性物质(H2O2和O3)对藻灭活的作用,并探讨了APPJ灭活铜绿微囊藻的作用机理。研究结果表明,当电压为7 k V,空气气体流速为4 L/min,藻液吸光度约为0.200,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率达到99.16%;处理后的藻发生细胞变形和破裂;处理后的藻液中产生H2O2和O3等活性物质,同时产生大量的NO-3和NO-2离子,导致液相p H迅速下降。通过考察主要活性物质(H2O2和O3)及藻液p H因素发现,单一因素灭活效果不佳,主要活性物质(H2O2和O3)和p H的组合因素是APPJ灭活水中铜绿微囊藻的主要原因。     

反应气耦合等离子体降解沙林模拟剂

采用水蒸气、氨气、过氧化氢气雾和臭氧4种气体对沙林模拟剂氟磷酸二异丙酯(DFP)进行降解研究,发现臭氧对DFP具有较好的降解作用,在流量200 L/h,DFP初始浓度50 mg/m3时,降解率最高可达56.1%。对高浓度DFP(大于80 mg/m3)进行降解研究时,等离子体单独作用最高降解率为89%,而添加臭氧后的降解率都在95%以上。计算得到臭氧作用的能量利用率为0.05 mg/(W·h),等离子体的能量利用率为0.55 mg/(W·h),而添加臭氧后的等离子体能量利用率为0.68 mg/(W·h)明显高于臭氧和等离子体能量利用率之和,因此对高浓度DFP进行处理时,臭氧与等离子体存在耦合作用。对等离子体和臭氧耦合等离子体降解DFP反应进行了产物分析,发现主要的降解产物基本一致,但是臭氧的存在能使降解更加彻底。     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

辉光放电等离子体氧化降解水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

研究了辉光放电等离子体降解水中典型的环境内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)及降解过程中过氧化氢(H2O2)的生成规律。考察了电解质种类、共存污染物(甲醇、叔丁醇)及催化剂等条件对DBP降解及H2O2生成的影响。结果表明,在硫酸钠溶液中DBP降解效率和H2O2生成速率最高;甲醇、叔丁醇等共存污染物对DBP降解和H2O2生成有抑制作用;Fe2+,Fe3+和Cu2+对DBP的降解有催化作用,其催化效果为Fe2+>Fe3+>Cu2+。用高效液相色谱、离子色谱及气质联用仪等仪器分析了降解中间产物,提出了可能的降解机理。     

Steam reforming of glycerol for syngas generation under cold plasma conditions: A DFT study

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to investigate the reaction pathways with steam reforming of glycerol under cold plasma conditions. Total energies, energy barriers, and reaction enthalpies at 298.15 K have been calculated at the GGA/PW91/DNP level. The calculation shows that, with the presence of steam, the energy barrier of glycerol conversion is reduced and the conversion from glycerol to H₂ and CO is promoted under cold plasma conditions. The formation of syngas was through a multi-step pathway via the conversion of OHCH₂CHOH, CH₂OH, CH₂O, HCO,·and CH₃, while the recombination of H generated extra H₂. The synthesis of hydrocarbons are from the recombination of·CH₃,·CH₂, and·CH, which could be primarily generated through glycerol dissociation. The structure of glycerol anion was also studied in this work, and it was less stable than the neutral molecule. The route for the formation of OHCH₂CHOH·and CH₂OH·from glycerol anion is thermodynamically favorable.     

高压脉冲放电等离子体处理活性红X-3B染料废水

采用高压脉冲放电等离子体技术对活性红X-3B染料废水进行处理,考察了废水电导率、脉冲电压、脉冲频率、针板间距以及曝气量对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,当废水电导率为200μS/cm、脉冲电压为34kV、脉冲频率为60Hz、针板间距为15mm、曝气量为12L/h、处理时间为60m in时,活性红X-3B染料废水脱色率能达到98.6%。