O3/BAF工艺系统中有机物生物降解数学模型

研究臭氧预氧化/曝气生物滤池（O₃/BAF）联合工艺深度处理实际城市污水二级出水过程中，后续BAF系统中有机物的生物降解数学模型。以有机底物浓度、填料层高度两个基本变量为控制条件，研究BAF的总体运行常数和填料特性常数,得出BAF有机物生物降解动力学方程为S_e/S₀=exp(－Kh/qSⁿ₀)。出水与进水COD浓度比值（S_e/S₀）的对数与反应器填料高度（h）之间可表达成一次函数关系。在不同的进水浓度（S₀）下，根据ln（S_e/S₀）~h和关系式m=K/qSⁿ₀，得到方程ln(q_m)=－nln(S₀)+lnK。BAF总体运行常数K和填料特性常数n分别为1.708和0.5063。该模型对BAF工艺有如下指导意义：可以根据设计流量、进水有机物浓度和出水浓度，初步确定BAF的尺寸（如横截面积、高度等）。     

臭氧对有机物混凝的影响

采用PDA(Photometric Disperse Analysis)和有机物表观分子量分级、有机物化学极性分级技术从絮体形成过程、絮体表现、有机物分子水平变化等方面研究了臭氧预氧化对混凝过程的影响;并对比了不同混凝剂在预臭氧条件下的混凝过程和效率.结果表明:臭氧预氧化对混凝过程有复杂的影响,其剂量和水体有机物特征决定了其对混凝的整体影响效果.有机物分级显示,臭氧化对有机物结构有重要影响,导致有机物极性、亲水性组分含量大幅提高(36.7%),小分子量组分(<10×10³)大幅增高(100%左右);但总的DOC去除率不高(3.28%).对PACl而言,在中、低剂量(O₃/TOC<0.7)下,臭氧对絮体形成过程影响较小,但对絮体沉降性和浊度去除已经有阻碍作用.在中、高剂量下(O₃/TOC>0.7),对絮体形成有显著滞后,浊度、有机物去除效率下降.AlCl₃对臭氧化作用反应敏感,臭氧化在试验剂量条件下,对絮体形成和浊度、有机物去除都有明显的阻碍作用.     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACl

Introduction Ozonation as one of pre-oxidation techniques has complicated influences on coagulation in terms of turbidity and organic matter removals (Edwards and Benjamin, 1992a, b). Many studies have been carried out on the effects of ozone on coagulation, however there still exists some discrepancies among different researches. The mechanisms involved in the interac- tions between pre-ozonation and coagulation remain unclear. Reckhow and Singer (1984) reported that UV254, TOC, and TOX …     

O_3/BAF工艺系统中有机物生物降解数学模型

研究臭氧预氧化/曝气生物滤池（O3/BAF）联合工艺深度处理实际城市污水二级出水过程中,后续BAF系统中有机物的生物降解数学模型。以有机底物浓度、填料层高度两个基本变量为控制条件,研究BAF的总体运行常数和填料特性常数,得出BAF有机物生物降解动力学方程为（Se/S0）=exp（（-Kn/qSh0））。出水与进水COD浓度比值（Se/S0）的对数与反应器填料高度（h）之间可表达成一次函数关系。在不同的进水浓度（S0）下,根据ln（Se/S0）~h和关系式m=（K/qS0n）,得到方程ln（qm）=-nln（S0）＋lnK。BAF总体运行常数K和填料特性常数n分别为1.708和0.5063。该模型对BAF工艺有如下指导意义：可以根据设计流量、进水有机物浓度和出水浓度,初步确定BAF的尺寸（如横截面积、高度等）。     

臭氧预氧化强化混凝对二级出水中DON作用机制探讨

城市污水厂出水越来越多被中水回用或排入河流间接地作为下游水源水,其中所包含的溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)被认为是含氮消毒副产物(nitrogenous disinfection by-products,N-DBPs)的前体物,受到国内外学者的高度关注.为探讨臭氧预氧化强化混凝对二级出水中DON作用机制,不仅分析了不同相对分子量和亲疏水性DON组分变化,而且还考察氯化消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)生成潜势;最后结合三维荧光(3DEEM)分析技术,对强化混凝前后DON组成、化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明,臭氧预氧化可以显著提高混凝对DON、DOC和UV254去除效果,其中DON最大去除率提高到3.7倍;pH对臭氧预氧化强化混凝有着重要的影响.随着pH值的增加,DON、DOC和UV254去除率呈下降趋势;Ca~(2+)是臭氧预氧化提高混凝效果的关键因素.随着臭氧浓度增加到8 mg·L~(-1)时,ζ电位由-33 m V上升到-8 m V,Ca~(2+)浓度则从116 mg·L~(-1)下降到89 mg·L~(-1).ζ电位和溶解性Ca~(2+)浓度的线性关系(R~2=0.97)可以表明,只有当Ca~(2+)浓度较高时臭氧预氧化才能显著地提高混凝效果;臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理后,相对大分子量(20×103)和疏水性DON所占比例显著下降,相对小分子量(6×103)和亲水性DON所占比例增加.DBPs的生成潜势总和明显降低,由120.1μg·L~(-1)下降到65.2μg·L~(-1);最后,经3DEEM光谱分析可知,在臭氧预氧化强化混凝过程中DON浓度和DBPs生成潜势变化与3DEEM光谱中3个主要荧光峰有关,分别代表色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

预臭氧对砂滤过滤性能的影响

通过规模为200L·h-1的连续动态实验,研究了臭氧预处理对砂滤出水浊度、颗粒数以及运行周期的影响.实验结果表明,投加低剂量0.12mg·L-1的臭氧,就可以显著改善砂滤的运行性能.臭氧预处理可以使砂滤出水浊度和粒径范围为3～7μm的颗粒物(与隐孢子虫大小相当)含量分别从平均0.25NTU和584个mL-1下降到0.05NTU和72个mL-1,其它粒径范围的颗粒数也显著下降,砂滤周期延长了1倍.     

臭氧预氧化对城市污水二级出水可生化性的影响

以臭氧预氧化强化后续曝气生物滤池对城市污水二级出水中难降解有机物净化效率为目的,研究了臭氧预氧化对二级出水可生化性的影响。臭氧投量为10mg/L、接触时间为4min时,臭氧氧化对COD和TOC去除率分别达到25.7%和16.5%;臭氧氧化使二级出水的生物可降解有机碳(BDOC)值提高为原来的2.45倍;臭氧氧化使二级出水中有机物的分子量分布发生了明显的变化:大分子有机物比例减少,小分子有机物比例增加,使分子量小于1kDalton的有机物的比例由原来的52.9%提高到72.6%;通过UV254值变化可知,臭氧氧化能将大多数含有C=C、C=O双键等活性基团破坏;臭氧氧化后,GC/MS检测到的有机物种类和数量明显增多,氧化前后烷烃种类明显增多,而环状结构、羧酸和醇类化合物明显减少。     

臭氧预氧化-堆肥去除污染土壤中菲实验研究

分别将菲的丙酮溶液喷洒入未被污染的表层红壤和次表层红壤制成含菲的模拟土样,通过监测堆体温度、有机物含量、菲的残留率和种子发芽指数试验研究了臭氧预氧化-堆肥法去除污染土壤中菲的可行性.结果表明,臭氧预氧化-堆肥是一种有效去除土壤中菲污染的方法,污染土壤经处理后减弱了菲污染对植物的毒害作用,且加入的有机物经堆制腐熟后促进了植物的萌发.臭氧预氧化能够加快后续堆肥处理的启动过程并可使堆料中菲的残留率进一步降低,而土壤中有机质含量显著影响臭氧氧化的效率.臭氧处理100min时,有机质含量分别为7.73%和3.64%的表层土壤和次表层土壤中菲的去除率分别达到52.1%和76.4%.堆肥31d,经臭氧预氧化的表层土壤和次表层土壤菲的残留率分别为1.1%和0.9%,而未经臭氧预氧化样品的菲的残留率分别为15.0%和14.5%.各堆制样品种子发芽指数均可达到130%以上.     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACI

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.