人工生物蓄水过滤系统对雨水的滞留与过滤功效

通过人工构建3个不同沙土配比的生物蓄水过滤系统,对人工系统滞留雨水时间和净化雨水的功效进行了研究。首先,根据自然降雨特点将雨水地表径流按照不同水量与进水时间引入系统,然后测定系统出水水量、时间、水质以及土壤湿度,比较植物层和整个系统滞留雨水径流的效果以及系统过滤雨水的功效。结果表明,(1)人工生物蓄水过滤系统有显著的滞留雨水的作用。其中植物层滞留雨水时间4.72~11.50 h,整个系统滞留雨水时间为5.17~13.80 h,人工系统比植物层滞留雨水时间显著延长,且进水量越大,差异越显著。(2)系统出水流速平缓,蒸发与植物蒸腾耗水量比例低于6%;壤土含量越高,滞留雨水时间越长。(3)经系统过滤,系统出水酸碱度平均增加0.81,氨氮含量平均降低0.42 mg/L。     

Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, North West Cameroon

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, Ndop plain, Ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋ 〉 Ca2＋ 〉 Mg2~ 〉 Na＋ for cations and NO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/Na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that N a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to Na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/Na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and NO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.     

混凝-超滤处理径流雨水效果——以华南地区为例

采用超滤膜(UF)为核心,以混凝作为预处理措施,对混凝-超滤工艺处理径流雨水的特性和膜通量变化与污染现象进行了研究,并对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)单独混凝、UF、PFS-UF组合工艺进行了对比;在优化混凝基础上,考察了混凝-UF对常规水质指标及总磷、生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)等生物稳定性指标的去除效果.结果表明,混凝可有效去除TOC、UV254和总磷,混凝剂投加量与污染物去除近似呈线性关系.各混凝剂除浊效能均良好.综合考虑混凝处理效率与经济性,实验采用混凝方案为10 mg·L-1的PFS.PFS、UF、PFS-UF工艺除浊率均在95%以上,PFS和UF对TOC和UV254的去除较为接近,采用PFS-UF可提高去除率13%—15%;PFS-UF处理后雨水的AOC、BDOC分别降低至61.8μg·L-1、0.19 mg·L-1,残余总磷可降至3.8μg·L-1,雨水生物稳定性明显提高.PFS、UF和PFS-UF对颗粒物的去除率分别达80.5%、99.6%和99.9%.膜通量的变化和SEM图分析表明,混凝在一定程度上减轻了UF膜污染;形成的凝胶层具有一定整体强度,水力清洗时易于清除,膜通量恢复较好;但同时凝胶层的产生也增大了透膜阻力,PFS-UF工艺的周期内膜通量衰减有增加的趋势.     

Thinking with salmon about rain tanks: commons as intra-actions

The construction of California's large waterworks was inextricably entangled with a discourse of progress through technoscientific control over unruly rivers. In recent years, a turn towards decentralised governance and diversified infrastructure has produced alternate discourses of human–ecological collaboration and water as a commons. I investigate how water is understood by residents along Salmon Creek (Sonoma Co., CA) engaged in efforts to increase streamflow and restore salmon runs. Drawing on Barad's theory of agential realism, I find that living with springs and rainwater harvesting cisterns enacts intra-actions that increase residents' sense of interdependence with other human and nonhuman watershed residents. I argue that commons frameworks represent a coherent alternative to state and market frameworks of water governance.     

Impacts of Changes in Precipitation Amount and Distribution on Water Resources Studied Using a Model Rainwater Harvesting System

Water supply reliability is expected to be affected by both precipitation amount and distribution changes under recent and future climate change. We compare historical (1951‐2010) changes in annual‐mean and annual‐maximum daily precipitation in the global set of station observations from Global Historical Climatology Network and climate models from the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI‐MIP), and develop the study to 2011‐2099 for model projections under high radiative forcing scenario (RCP8.5). We develop a simple rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) model and drive it with observational and modeled precipitation. We study the changes in mean and maximum precipitation along with changes in the reliability of the model RWHS as tools to assess the impact of changes in precipitation amount and distribution on reliability of precipitation‐fed water supplies. Results show faster increase in observed maximum precipitation (10.14% per K global warming) than mean precipitation (7.64% per K), and increased reliability of the model RWHS driven by observed precipitation by an average of 0.2% per decade. The ISI‐MIP models show even faster increase in maximum precipitation compared to mean precipitation. However, they imply decreases in mean reliability, for an average 0.15% per decade. Compared to observations, climate models underestimate the increasing trends in mean and maximum precipitation and show the opposite direction of change in reliability of a model water supply system.     

Leaching behaviour of different scrap materials at recovery and recycling companies: Full-, pilot- and lab-scale investigation

Scrap material recovery and recycling companies are confronted with waste water that has a highly fluctuating flow rate and composition. Common pollutants, such as COD, nutrients and suspended solids, potentially toxic metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and poly chlorinated biphenyls can exceed the discharge limits. An analysis of the leaching behaviour of different scrap materials and scrap yard sweepings was performed at full-scale, pilot-scale and lab-scale in order to find possible preventive solutions for this waste water problem. The results of these leaching tests (with concentrations that frequently exceeded the Flemish discharge limits) showed the importance of regular sweeping campaigns at the company, leak proof or covered storage of specific scrap materials and oil/water separation on particular leachates. The particulate versus dissolved fraction was also studied for the pollutants. For example, up to 98% of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons, poly chlorinated biphenyls and some metals were in the particulate form. This confirms the (potential) applicability of sedimentation and filtration techniques for the treatment of the majority of the leachates, and as such the rainwater run-off as a whole.     

炼油企业初期雨水收集和处理

炼油企业初期雨水流经装置设备和场地路面时受到污染,未经处理排放后,将会对水体造成污染,由于设计和管理原因,实际操作中初期雨水并没有妥善处理。文章提出了相关的初期雨水量的计算方法、并提出了一种可靠的初期雨水收集处理系统,以实现初期雨水的规范处理。     

夏、冬季降雨中溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征及来源辨析

利用紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱,结合拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型及火点图,研究了重庆2013年夏、冬两季雨水DOM光谱特征,并对其来源进行解析.结果表明,雨水DOM与水体、土壤DOM具有类似性质光谱特征,证明降雨DOM也是陆地及水环境中DOM地化特征的重要贡献者.雨水DOM中DOC含量为0.88~12.80 mg·L-1,CDOM含量在3.17~21.11m-1之间,夏、冬两季降雨DOM差异明显(P0.05).与夏季相比,冬季降雨DOM分子量较小,芳香性程度较低,腐殖化程度也更低,输入主要以本地和短距离输送为主;而夏季DOM来源较分散.尽管吸收和荧光光谱可用于解析雨水DOM组成和来源,但在光谱特征的解析和来源识别上与其他来源DOM有所区别,传统"内、外源区分"并不适用于雨水DOM.     

西北干旱地区农宅雨水转化为可饮水技术

雨水集流工程对于解决干旱地区人民生活用水问题起着重要作用,甘肃省兰州市榆中县北山地区处于严重缺水的地区,人畜的饮用水为雨水、雪水直接沉淀后的水窖水。经过对北山饮用水进行水质检测,发现水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的规定值。通过对传统滤池进行改造并结合阳光消毒研制出了一种新型水处理器——阳光消毒-生物砂滤池(SBF)家庭水处理设备,通过生物砂滤池中微生物对雨水中污染物的氧化分解及河砂的过滤使水浊度及锰得到有效地去除,日光高温灭活和光氧化降解综合作用杀灭水中致病微生物。用SBF家庭水处理设备对雨水进行处理,水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均达到标准的规定值。     

城中村雨水污水完善改造方案浅析

结合深圳盐田区城中村污水完善改造设计及施工服务中所遇到的问题,提出为彻底解除雨水污水混流现象而采取的措施和方法,以作为今后城中村雨水污水分流制改造过程中的借鉴或参考。