纳米铁催化分解高氯酸盐废水的反应动力学

通过实验考察了酸性条件下纳米铁催化分解高氯酸盐过程中的影响因素,对其分解的动力学进行了研究,并对纳米铁催化剂结构及微观形貌进行SEM、EDS和XRD表征分析。利用阿仑尼乌斯方程和幂指数方程拟合反应动力学方程,获得了高氯酸盐分解动力学方程Ct=C0exp{-0.03773exp(-201.65/T)[H]0.191t},理论的计算值与实验值吻合较好,误差在15%以内。     

臭氧氧化处理页岩气钻井废水的机理与动力学

采用臭氧氧化法处理页岩气钻井废水经混凝沉淀后的出水(COD=759.63 mg/L),重点研究了废水中有机污染物的去除机理与反应动力学。实验结果表明:在废水pH为11.2、臭氧通入量为8 mg/min、反应时间为50 min的最佳工艺条件下,废水的COD去除率为42.51%;羟基自由基抑制剂CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-和叔丁醇的引入抑制了废水COD的臭氧氧化去除,尤其是叔丁醇的加入使COD去除率显著下降,说明废水中有机物的臭氧氧化去除过程遵循羟基自由基机理;臭氧氧化法对钻井废水中有机物的氧化去除过程符合表观二级反应动力学规律。     

Uncertainties in QRA: Analysis of losses of containment from piping and implications on risk prevention and mitigation

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is commonly used in the chemical industry to support decision-making. Common practices are based on standard methods, such as fault tree, event tree, etc.; in this frame, risk is a function of frequency of events (probability) and associated consequences (negative outcomes), but relevant uncertainties often are not properly taken into account in the derived results. This paper presents the application of an extended risk analysis of loss of containments for a case-study with the following aims: firstly, the uncertainties related to the results of the analysis, which derive from assumption in the application of the standard models, are qualitatively assessed; secondly the application allows evaluating the impact of the uncertainties on the trustworthiness of the results and, finally, commenting about their use in the risk prevention and mitigation.     

Morphological characteristics of flashing jet throughout superheated liquid release

Many release problems involve two-phase releases of hazardous materials of superheated liquids with high energy into the atmosphere. Such accidents are accompanied by violent phase transition and form catastrophic flashing jets. In this work, experimental and theoretical analyses were conducted to investigate dynamic characteristics of flashing jet morphology and their dependence on pressure-decay dynamics under different storage pressures, superheats, and nozzle diameters. Flashing jet morphology and angle throughout two-phase releases were captured by a high-speed camera, and the corresponding source pressure in the superheated liquid tank was measured simultaneously. Results show that three typical phases, expansion, stabilization, and decay, are characterized throughout two-phase release based on the evolution of flashing jet morphology. The jet initially expands gradually due to the enhancement of phase transition intensity, and then keeps stable when the intensity reaches its maximum, and terminally decays rapidly due to the depletion of superheated liquid. Phase transition intensity at the nozzle exit is mainly controlled by the pressure-decay dynamics. Bubbles nucleation inception sites gradually move upstream of the nozzle during the pressure decay process increasing the phase transition intensity. The increase of storage pressure, superheat and nozzle diameter promotes the mechanical and thermodynamic effects on the jet breakup. The significant increase of mechanical and thermodynamic effects effectively accelerates droplets evaporation and further affects flashing jet morphology.     

一株高效苯酚降解菌的性能研究及动力学分析

苯酚和酚类化合物是工业废水中的主要环境污染物,如焦化厂、炼油厂和石油化工厂等,去除工业废水中的酚类化合物对环境保护有极其重要的意义。通过富集驯化,从石化污水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选出一株产生物表面活性剂的高效苯酚降解菌。并对其进行了生理生化鉴定及降解性能的研究。实验结果表明,BPH-3菌为假单胞杆菌;菌株最佳的降解条件pH=7.0,温度为30℃,转速为150 r/min,最高耐盐度为3%,在接种量为5%,苯酚初始质量浓度为600 mg/L,菌株12 h内的降解率可达100%。     

锐钛矿-金红石混合晶型TiO2降解气相苯

用溶胶-凝胶法并通过控制煅烧温度合成不同晶相比的混合晶型纳米TiO_2,在紫外光光照下降解气相苯。考察了苯初始质量浓度、紫外灯光照强度和催化剂加入量对苯去除率的影响;探究了光催化降解气相苯的动力学特征。结果表明:450℃煅烧制备的催化剂降解苯效率最高,此催化剂金红石相质量分数为6.30%;在苯初始质量浓度为74.39 mg/m~3、催化剂加入量为7 g、光照强度为2.18 klux的最佳条件下反应84 min,苯去除率达99.73%;光催化降解率与光照强度之间符合0.5级动力学特征;当催化剂加入量为3 g时,单位时间单位质量催化剂降解苯的质量最多;苯的光催化降解反应均符合一级动力学方程。     

发酵液作为EBPR碳源的动力学模拟

发酵液是一种优质的碳源,能够提高生物除磷系统(EBPR)的除磷效果.采用基于碳源代谢的修正ASM2模型,能够较好地模拟发酵液作为EBPR碳源的动力学变化规律.发酵液作为EBPR唯一碳源时,系统中的异养菌不仅不对聚磷菌(PAO)的生长构成竞争关系,反而促进PAO的生长.发酵液作为实际污水的补充碳源时,优化了污水中的碳源组成,创造了有利于聚磷菌生长的环境,使EBPR中聚磷菌达到微生物总量的40%以上,比实际污水作为碳源的EBPR中的PAO含量提高了3.3倍.     

基于废陶瓷的多孔陶瓷研制及其对Ni2+的吸附性能

通过SEM、XRD、FT-IR表征及多孔陶瓷对废水中镍的去除能力,确定多孔陶瓷的制备条件:原料中田菁粉掺杂质量分数为4%,焙烧温度为800℃.SEM和孔结构表征说明,焙烧使多孔陶瓷形貌、结构发生变化;随着焙烧温度的升高,多孔陶瓷的比表面积和孔容呈现降低的趋势,而孔径呈现增大的趋势;EDS分析能表明,原废瓷粉和多孔陶瓷的主要元素组成均为Si、Al、O.SEM、XRD和FT-IR分析表明,多孔陶瓷吸附前后结构稳定.吸附Ni2+的系列实验表明,多孔陶瓷用量为10 g·L-1,吸附时间为60 min,进水pH值为6.32,进水Ni2+浓度在100 mg.L-1以内.在此条件下废水的Ni2+去除率可达89.7%,多孔陶瓷对废水中镍有较好的去除效果.以制备的多孔陶瓷处理含镍废水,考察多孔陶瓷对废水中Ni2+的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,结果表明,多孔陶瓷对Ni2+的吸附过程符合准二阶动力学模型(R2=0.999 9),Qe为9.09 mg·g-1;吸附过程可用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程来描述,温度由20℃升高至40℃,最大吸附量Qm由14.49 mg·g-1上升至15.38 mg·g-1.     

桑枝基吸附剂的制备及其对阴离子染料的吸附

为了废弃桑枝的资源化,利用3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)对桑枝进行醚化改性制备桑枝基吸附剂,通过正交实验优化了吸附剂的制备条件。采用制备的吸附剂吸附水中阴离子染料日落黄,研究了pH值、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和吸附温度对吸附效果的影响,测定了日落黄在吸附剂上的吸附等温线。结果表明,制备吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为CTA与桑枝粉的质量比为0.5,NaOH与桑枝粉的质量比为1.0,微波功率为300 W,反应时间为3 min。制备的吸附剂对质量浓度为50 mg/L的日落黄的最大吸附去除率达92.0%。日落黄在吸附剂上的等温吸附线可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述,饱和吸附容量为18.21 mg/g,吸附易于进行。吸附速率数据可以用准二级吸附动力学方程拟合,说明日落黄在吸附剂上的吸附以化学吸附为主。     

白银天然沸石对磷的吸附机理及性能研究

为探明天然沸石对磷的吸附机理,首先利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X荧光分析等对甘肃白银产天然沸石进行了表征,然后通过静态实验探讨了吸附时间、磷初始浓度、pH值等因素对沸石除磷性能的影响.研究结果表明：沸石对水溶液中磷的吸附动力学过程符合Pseudo second-order模型;Freudlich和Langmuir模型均可较好地描述沸石对磷的吸附特征;沸石对磷的吸附量随pH值增大而明显减小.