缙云山3种典型森林降雨过程及其氮素输入

选取重庆缙云山的常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和针阔混交林为研究对象,于2012年5~10月对大气降水、穿透雨和树干径流等降水过程及其氮素输入进行研究.结果表明:①研究期间总降雨量564.88 mm,常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和针阔混交林的穿透雨量占总降雨量的比例分别为74.0%、85.0%和71.6%,且树干径流量所占比例分别为1.9%、10.3%和1.6%;3种林分的穿透雨量、树干径流量与林外降雨量之间均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.05),且穿透雨率、树干径流率与林外降雨量之间都呈对数关系(P<0.05).②与大气降水相比,穿透雨和树干径流的NO-3和NH+4浓度要高,且3种林分的大小关系为针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>毛竹林;穿透雨和树干径流的总无机氮输入量(以N计)分别为针阔混交林(18.93 kg·hm-2)、常绿阔叶林(14.93 kg·hm-2)和毛竹林(15.31 kg·hm-2).③3种林分的无机氮输入量与穿透雨量、树干径流量之间均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.05).     

Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water in Pine Forests in Latvia

The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations and pH in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water for the 1994–2004 period were studied in pine forests in Latvia (Rucava and Taurene Integrated Monitoring stations). The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations decreased over the study period, simultaneously with a decrease of acidity in precipitation. The changes were more evident in the western part of Latvia, probably due to declining long-range air pollution from West Europe. The trend of decreasing sulphate concentrations and increasing pH in precipitation were not followed by respective changes in soil water. In the upper soil horizon sulphate ion concentrations and acidity increased in soil water. Over the observation period, nitrate concentrations also showed an increasing trend in soil water at Rucava and Taurene, but these changes were not statistically significant.     

长江防护林——樟树林对降雨再分配的影响

林冠对降雨的再分配,是森林生态学和森林水文学研究的一个重要方面,其影响降雨从林冠到土壤的转移以及水土流失的变化,具有突出的生态水文意义。通过对樟树林下穿透雨和树干流的定位监测,旨在揭示林冠水文效应的变化规律,结果表明：林冠对降雨的再分配功能受到降雨量的影响,穿透雨、树干流和截留量与降雨量呈显著的正相关(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005);穿透雨率随着降雨量增加而增加,而截留率随降雨量增加而减小,并且两者在高的雨量下逐渐趋于稳定,但是树干流率随着降雨量增加先升高后降低。同时,降雨强度也影响林冠的水文效应,随着降雨强度的增加,穿透雨率升高,截留率下降。在整个测定期间,樟树林穿透雨率为685%,截留率为292%,而树干流率为23%。在不同雨量和雨强级间,樟树林冠对降雨再分配存在着差异,而且林内雨的组成比例（〖WTBX〗SF／TF〖WTBZ〗）也受到降雨量和降雨强度的影响。樟树林下水分输入存在明显的空间异质性,穿透雨率在不同位置间具有显著性的差异,而且穿透雨的空间变化率,即穿透雨率的变异系数（CV）随着降雨量或降雨强度的增加而减少。     

Effects of two forest types on the dynamics of four base cations along with rainfall partitioning in middle subtropical forests北大核心CSCD

盐基离子随穿透雨和树干茎流的迁移成为森林元素输入的重要组成部分.在迁移过程中,冠层淋溶、树干冲刷等改变了盐基离子含量,而不同林型的林冠特征、树皮性质等存在差异,因此盐基离子含量在不同林型中可能存在差异对米槠次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨、树干茎流进行为期4年的监测,对比研究4种盐基离子(K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+)浓度和输入量的动态特征.结果显示:(1)米槠次生林树干茎流Ca2+、Mg2+浓度显著低于杉木人工林而K+浓度显著高于杉木人工林;穿透雨除Na+浓度外均为米槠次生林显著高于杉木人工林.穿透雨和树干茎流Na+浓度林型差异不显著.(2)两种林型盐基离子季节动态变化基本一致,在雨季旱季各有一个峰值,雨季浓度普遍低于旱季.米槠次生林盐基离子浓度稳定性普遍高于杉木人工林.(3)分析盐基离子浓度与降雨强度的关系发现:Ca2+、K+、Mg2+浓度随雨量级的增加而降低,Na+浓度随雨量级的增加而增加.(4)观测期间米槠次生林穿透雨累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为47.97、35.17、7.15和12.94 kg/hm2,树干茎流累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为11.38、6.21、1.54和3.00 kg/hm2;杉木人工林穿透雨累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为47.24、26.63、6.43和11.55 kg/hm2,树干茎流累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为4.11、1.20、0.50和0.83 kg/hm2.米槠次生林的林内雨盐基离子输入量大于杉木人工林.总体而言,米槠次生林比杉木人工林有更高的养分输入,能更好地维持生态系统养分的供应;上述结果有助于进一步认识森林物质随水文过程的流动,可为人工林经营管理提供一定科学基础数据.(图6表1参36)     

湿润亚热带森林锰、铜、锌随降雨分配的迁移动态特征

为探究森林生态系统中重金属随降雨分配迁移的特征,连续观测两年降雨,对比分析Mn、Cu、Zn在穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流中浓度、输出量、变异情况的差异,并讨论了重金属迁移规律的产生机制.结果表明,林型对雨水的再分配有较大影响.米槠次生林树干茎流水量极显著大于杉木人工成熟林,故前者树干茎流的重金属浓度低于后者;对于林内雨,穿透雨中重金属浓度在米槠次生林（阔叶林）更高,树干茎流中重金属浓度则在杉木人工成熟林（针叶林）更高.整体而言,林内雨的重金属浓度在旱季高于雨季,表现出明显的季节变化;林型对地表径流的影响较复杂,体现在植被类型、林龄、土壤理化性质等方面.本研究中,Mn随地表径流的输出量在米槠次生林显著大于其它3种林型;Zn在较大林龄的米槠次生林和杉木人工成熟林有更大的输出量;降雨分配过程中3种元素的浓度变异情况有所不同,表现为Mn变异最大,Zn次之,Cu最稳定.本研究结果对进一步了解森林生态系统中重金属的迁移特征提供了依据.     

岷江下游小型集水区3种人工林对降雨重金属含量的影响

为了解人工林对大气污染物质的过滤作用,分析研究了2011年11月10日到2012年3月4日期间7次降雨中,岷江下游 (五通桥段)一个小型集水区中水杉人工林、杉木人工林和巨桉人工林穿透水和树干茎流中的4种重金属 (Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量特征.结果表明,3种人工林大气降雨、穿透水和树干茎流重金属含量呈现一致的规律,按平均值大小排列为:Zn>Pb> Cu >Cd.3种人工林穿透水重金属含量差异不显著,水杉人工林与杉木人工林树干茎流中重金属Cd、Cu和Pb含量存在显著差异.巨桉和水杉人工林对重金属Cd和Zn有较强的过滤作用,杉木林和巨桉林对重金属Cu和Pb的过滤作用较强.Pb在3种人工林中的含量均超过国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》.3种人工林穿透水和树干茎流Cd、Pb和Zn的淋溶系数小于1,为负淋溶,杉木树干茎流Cu的淋溶系数大于1,为正淋溶.大气降雨重金属含量与降雨量之间存在显著的负相关关系,水杉人工林穿透水Cu含量、杉木人工林穿透水Cd和Cu含量、巨桉人工林穿透水和树干茎流Cd和Cu含量与降雨量之间存在显著的负相关关系.     

NUTRIENT FLUXES IN PRECIPITATION,THROUGHFALL, AND STEMFLOW IN AN OAK-HICKORY FOREST1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient fluxes in precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were studied in an oak-hickory forest in southern Illinois for a three-year period beginning in 1973. Nutrient inputs in these water related pathways were approximately one-half those of litterfall; a major nutrient return mechanism. Considering these water carried nutrients (116 kg/ha/yr), 38% was contributed by precipitation, 35% by throughfall and approximately 27% by stemflow. Although the total nutrient input is only one-half that of litterfall, the net impact on short-term nutrient requirements is considerable because of their immediate availability. Nutrient inputs in litter represent a delayed return mechanism because of the relatively slow decomposition process.     

BIOGEOCIIEMISTRY OF AN OLD-GROWTH FORESTED WATERSHED,OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: The biogeochemistry of a coastal old-growth forested watershed in Olympic National Park, Washington, was examined. Objectives were to determine: (1) concentrations of major cations and anions and dissolved organic C (DOC) in precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, soil solution and the stream; (2) nutrient input/output budgets; and (3) nutrient retention mechanisms in the watershed. Stemilow was more acidic (pH 4.0–4.5) than throughfall (pH 5.1) and precipitation (pH 5.3). Organic acids were important contributors to acidity in throughfall and stemflow and tree species influenced pH. Soil solution pH averaged 6.2 at 40 cm depth. Stream pH was higher (7.6). Sodium (54.0 μeq L-¹) and Cl (57.6 μeq L^?1) were the dominant ions in precipitation, reflecting the close proximity to the ocean. Throughfall and stemflow were generally enriched in cations, especially K. Cation concentrations in soil solutions were generally less than those in stemilow. Ion concentrations increased in the stream. Dominant ions were Ca (759.7 μeq L^?1), Na (174.4 μeq L^?1), HCO₃ (592.0 μeq L^?1), and SO₄ (331.5 μeq L^?1) with seasonal peaks in the fall. Bedrock weathering strongly influenced stream chemistry. Highest average NO₃ concentrations were in the stream (5.2 μeq L^?1) with seasonal peaks in the fall and lowest concentrations in the growing season. Nitrogen losses were similar to inputs; annual inputs were 4.8 kg/ha (not including fixation) and stream losses were 7.1 kg/ha. Despite the age and successional status of the forest, plant uptake is an important N retention mechanism in this watershed.     

蒙古栎林生态系统的水分循环与养分循环关系

本文从群体水平上研究了蒙古栎林生态系统中的水分循环与养分循环的关系。结果表明,降雨是系统养分的重要输入。降雨对林冠的淋洗淋溶作用有助于养分的归还及缩短养分循环的途径。蒙古栎树干茎流量大,且其中含有的养分元素较多,从而使蒙古栎的根系能获得更多的水分与养分,有助于适应干旱、瘠薄的立地环境。径流是系统的水分输出,也是养分输出。蒙古栎林的下渗流约占整个径流的90％,且养分元素含量较低,从而有助于养分的积累。降雨在蒙古栎林内的分配格局不一,导致系统养分积累的明显差异。本文还探讨了干扰对养分循环与水分循环的影响。结果表明,采伐森林导致水分分配的变化,也使系统的养分发生亏损。只有把养分循环与水分循环结合起来,才能较完整地评价森林的生态功能。     

Measurement of Atmospheric Deposition Under Forest Canopies: Some Recommendations for Equipment and Sampling Design

Quantification of the forest water flux provides valuable information for the understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. As such, throughfall (and stemflow to a lesser extent) has been frequently measured. Although throughfall collection may seem relatively simple, the requirements to obtain reliable estimates are often underestimated. This review addresses the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure, from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field. Sound sampling of the forest water flux is difficult due to its high spatial and temporal variation. The high costs entailed by the ideal sampling design often prohibit its implementation. Different procedures are available, some of which are compromises between the aim of the study (monitoring or experimental study, short or long term objectives, absolute or relative estimates, quality of the assessment to be achieved) and the available means.