Exposure assessment of operators to pesticides in Kongou,a sub-watershed of Niger River valley

The use of pesticides in horticultural sector in Niger has become an integral part of modern agriculture. Nevertheless, their inappropriate use can generate negative health effects to operators. A study was carried out among Kongou farmers in order to assess their potential dermal exposure (PDE). The UK-POEM model was used to quantify the PDE during mixing/loading and application according to the local practices. In order to determine which parts of the operator body are subject to most contamination during spraying and to validate the theoretical model used, a patch method was used with a tartrazine dye. The deposits of the tartrazine on patches were measured by colorimetry thanks to the absorbance value determined after their extraction in water and a calibration curve. A total of ten spraying trials (five trials with the hand-held sprayer and five others with the backpack sprayer) were performed by different producers at 0.5 and 1 m height for each trial. The survey shows that 92% of the farmers are illiterate and the most common active substances identified are organophosphate or pyrethroids insecticides. Seventy percent of operators do not use any personal protective equipment (PPE) during mixing/loading or spraying. The predictive systemic exposure levels vary from 0.0027?mg kg^?1 bw per day to 0.7692?mg kg^?1 bw per day for backpack sprayer and from 0.0261?mg kg^?1 bw per day to 0.9788?mg kg^?1 bw per day for hand-held sprayer, several times higher the Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (AOEL) for some actives substances. Theoretical modeling indicates more exposure of operator by a hand-held sprayer than a backpack sprayer. The patch method results show that the deposits of dye increase when the position of sprayer nozzle increases from 0.5 to 1 m for the two sprayers. All parts of the operator body are contaminated but lower body parts and chest are the most exposed. The patch method results also show that hand spraying contaminates operator more than backpack spraying, confirming the results of the theoretical model.     

典型河谷城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露风险

为定量评价河谷型城市土壤与灰尘铅对城市儿童健康的影响与风险,结合野外调查的基础上,以陕西渭河谷地典型工业城市宝鸡、西安、渭南和铜川为研究区域,以定量分析河谷型城市儿童环境铅暴露为核心,收集4个城市土壤与灰尘分析样品总计243个。利用X射线荧光光谱法测定了4个城市土壤与灰尘铅的含量;采用BCR连续形态分级法探究了城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅地球化学形态分布与迁移特征;根据US EPA污染物暴露与健康风险评价模型对城市儿童铅暴露进行了评价。研究结果表明渭河谷地典型城市宝鸡、铜川、西安和渭南城市土壤与灰尘铅浓度(X±SD)分别为(409.2±52.54)和(624.70±66.15)mg·kg-1、(357.47±41.37)和(592.60±36.78)mg·kg-1、(61.4±13.31)和(78.42±14.89)mg·kg-1、(46.71±12.11)和(64.7±13.76)mg·kg-1,均高出陕西省土壤铅背景值;污染水平依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。4个河谷型城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅发生整体迁移的趋势为:宝鸡城市灰尘(90.71%)西安城市灰尘(84.74%)≥宝鸡城市土壤(83.12%)渭南城市灰尘(74.89%)≥西安城市土壤(74.50%)铜川城市灰尘(72.49%)铜川城市土壤(57.50%)渭南城市土壤(53.79%)。可见,铅在均在城市灰尘中的迁移趋势远大于相应的城市土壤。4个城市土壤与灰尘均表现出较大的儿童暴露致癌风险,宝鸡和铜川城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露也分别存在非致癌风险,风险程度依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。儿童铅暴露致癌与非致癌风险程度与其城市土壤和灰尘中铅可氧化态分布呈相似的规律,表明碱性的城市土壤与城市灰尘(p H7)中可氧化态铅可能是导致河谷型城市儿童铅暴露风险和儿童血铅污染的主要形态和因素。由此,城市燃煤排放与含铅制品的加工等活动可能是渭河谷地河谷型城市儿童血铅与铅暴露最主要的贡献源,必须采取长期有效的监测与控制措施。     

层状半空间中沉积谷地对入射SV波的放大作用——时域解答

利用傅里叶变换方法,研究了层状半空间中沉积谷地对SV波的时域散射问题。首先,通过傅里叶变换将时域问题转换为离散的频域问题,针对有效频率成分采用间接边界元方法求解频域响应,再将所得频域结果进行傅里叶逆变换得到时域解答。通过与已有结果的对比,验证了方法的正确性。最后,以基岩上单一土层中沉积谷地在R icker波入射下的散射问题为例进行了数值计算分析,结果表明,沉积谷地和土层的存在都会造成振动持续时间的增长;层状半空间中沉积谷地和均匀半空间中沉积谷地对波的放大作用存在显著差别。文中分析了造成该差别的原因,并讨论了覆盖层厚度和刚度对散射效应的影响。     

Occurrence of PAH in the seasonal snowpack of the Eastern Italian Alps

PAH concentrations have been determined in 47 seasonal snowpack samples collected in the Valbelluna valley and in the Bellunesi Dolomites National Park, in the Italian North-Eastern Alps, during the winter of 2005. The ΣPAH concentration in high-altitude alpine sites (above 1700 m) was 32 ± 20 ng/kg while in valley bottom urban areas it was 165 ± 54 ng/kg with maximum values of 290 ng/kg. The GIS mapping technique was employed to produce a PAH spatial distribution. The urbanized Valbelluna valley, and in particular the SW part, had the highest accumulation of all PAH, with values an order of magnitude more than those in rural and alpine areas. This behaviour is consistent with urban air quality data, and is due to geo-morphological and meteorological factors such as the deeper shape of the valley at the position of the town of Feltre and the low altitude of the boundary layer during the winter season.     

VIC模型与SWAT模型在中小流域径流模拟中的对比研究

结合GIS与RS技术的分布式水文模型已成为当今水文界研究的重点。从气象与水文水资源学科交叉的角度对分布式水文模型VIC模型与SWAT模型进行研究，并将其应用于白莲河流域，以此探讨该模型在中小流域的适用性。模拟结果表明，VIC模型与SWAT模型在白莲河流域率定期与检验期的模拟效果相差很小。SWAT模型的效率系数与相关系数略高一些，SWAT模型的模拟效果比较平均，每年相差不大；但VIC模型在1995年和1999年模拟效果明显好于其它年份，尤其在2002年，VIC模型模拟的洪峰与实测的相差较大，从而影响总体的效率系数偏低，而SWAT模型模拟的更接近实测值。研究结果表明两种模型对于我国中小流域的径流模拟具有一定的适用性.     

石期河流域地下水化学特征及物质来源分析

为明确典型岩溶溶丘洼(谷)地区域地下水化学特征及其成因,以石期河流域为研究对象,运用Gibbs图、Piper图、端元分析及离子比例系数等方法,对地下水水化学特征及物质来源进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,研究区内地下水pH值介于6.06～8.07之间,Ca~(2+)、 Mg~(2+)和HCO~-_3是地下水中的主要离子,其质量浓度范围分别为2.61～108.7、 0.54～27.61和8.1～370.74mg·L~(-1),符合岩溶水高钙弱碱性特征;地下水物质成分中, Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要受到碳酸参与的灰岩和白云岩风化作用的控制, Na~+主要来源于硅酸盐岩的溶解,同时, Ca~(2+)和Na~+在地下水流动过程中进行阳离子交替吸附作用; K~+、 Cl~-和NO~-_3主要受到农业化肥施放和生活废水排放的影响.此外,大气降水作为该区域地下水的主要补给来源,对当地地下水化学特征和物质来源也有一定的影响.     

湖南省湘江流域环境污染的安全性研究

文章从水质、底泥、两岸土壤和植物以及两岸人群患病率分析了湖南省湘江流域的环境污染情况,结果表明湖南省湘江流域的污染较为严重。分析认为历史污染物排放,地质原因,矿山开采,植被变迁以及蚋污能力变小是导致湘江污染的主要原因。最后提出了污染治理的相关措施。     

平行岭谷区都市城郊耕地景观演变案例研究——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例

为研究都市城郊耕地景观的演变历程,总结耕地景观演变模式进而为未来研究区的农业资源合理利用和优化调控提供可借鉴性措施,以重庆市沙坪坝区为例,按其地貌特征从东至西划分为东部丘陵A区、岩溶低山B区、中部浅丘C区、西部岩溶低山D区4个区域,以1979年的MSS影像、1988、1995、2001、2007和2010年5个时期的TM影像为基本数据源,采用景观指数和定量表征指标,分析了沙坪坝区耕地景观空间格局演变、空间分布变化幅度及其种植结构引起的耕地景观功能变化。结果表明：A、B、C、D 4区耕地平均斑块面积在1979～2010年有了较大程度的减小,相应的斑块数目有了显著的增加,斑块密度呈现逐步增加的趋势,多样性指数和均匀度指数除了A区在逐步减小外,其他3区均呈增大趋势,耕地景观总体的破碎化程度增加了。2001年以前,除了A区快速减少外,各区耕地面积相对稳定;2001年为界限至今,A、C两区耕地演变属于快速消退型,B、D区则属于逐渐消退型。从2003年到2007年研究区种植作物类型及各区功能定位有所变化,研究区正处于从传统都市城郊农业向现代都市农业的转变中。研究区耕地景观从东部主城核心区到西部缙云山区,呈现跳跃突变式演变的特殊模式     

An Automated Technique for Delineating and Characterizing Valley-Bottom Settings

Accurate delineation and characterization of valley-bottom settings is crucial to the assessment of the biological and geomorphological components of riverine systems; yet, to date, most valley-bottom mapping endeavors have been done manually. To improve this situation, we developed automated techniques in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for delineating and characterizing valley-bottom settings in river basins ranging in size from approximately 1,000–10,000 km². All procedures were developed with ARC/INFO GIS software and fully automated in Arc Macro Language (AML). The GRID module is required for valley-bottom delineation and slope calculations; whereas characterization (i.e., measuring the width of the valley-bottom zone) requires Coordinate Geometry (COGO) in the ARCEDIT module. The process requires three inputs: a polygon coverage of the analysis area; an arc coverage of its hydrography, and a grid representing its digital elevation. The AML is designed to operate within a wide range of computer memory/disk space options, and it allows users to customize several procedures to match the scale and complexity of a given analysis area with available computer hardware.     

从世界大河流域开发实践构想长江开发模式

通过分析世界大河流域开发的多种模式，研究可遵循的客观规律和存在问题。借鉴其经验教训，探讨充分有效开发长江流域的模式。提出“突出重点，综合利用，高效运作，协调发展”的战略思想，力争把长江流域建成我国的一级经济轴线和世界规模最大的现代化沿江产业带。