The Metallic Composition of Aerosols at Three Monitoring Sites in Korea During Winter 2002

In the present study, the distribution patterns of various metals were analyzed and compared using PM samples collected concurrently from three monitoring sites located in Korea (Seoul, Busan, and Jeju island) in December 2002. As these sites can represent metal pollution with different degrees of anthropogenic activities, their concentration levels were distinguished in a systematic manner in the order of Jeju, Busan, and Seoul. By comparing the present data sets with those measured previously from other locations in Korea and around the world, we attempted to diagnose the general status of elemental pollution on the Korean peninsula. Through an application of different statistical approaches, the major processes controlling elemental levels were assessed for each of the three study sites. The results indicated the importance of both crustal and anthropogenic sources in all sites with their relative roles varying significantly from each other. The results of the metal analysis data, when examined in relation to back trajectory analysis, confirmed that their concentration changes are affected quite sensitively with air mass movement patterns. The overall results of this study consistently indicated the contribution of a strong anthropogenic source area (e.g., China) to the observed metal concentration levels in the study area, but the strengths of such signals vary considerably across the Korean peninsula.     

冬季南京城市大气气溶胶吸湿性观测研究

气溶胶吸湿性不仅影响颗粒物非均相化学反应过程和大气能见度,且对云凝结核形成起决定性作用.本研究运用加湿串联拆分迁移分析仪(H-TDMA)对冬季南京城市大气气溶胶吸湿性进行外场观测研究.结果表明:吸湿增长因子概率分布函数(GF-PDF)呈双峰分布,峰值分别为1.000±0.010(弱吸湿峰)和1.400±0.035(强吸湿峰);在85%相对湿度条件下,不同粒径段(40、80、110、150、200 nm)弱吸湿组粒子数目占比(NFLH)随粒径的增大从40%降低至20%,而强吸湿组粒子数目占比(NFMH)却从60%增加到80%.弱吸湿组GF-PDF离散程度(σLH)在0.04~0.05之间,而强吸湿组GF-PDF离散程度(σMH)0.1,说明强吸湿组粒子化学成分较复杂,外混合程度较高.对比各粒径段气溶胶吸湿性日变化规律发现,平均吸湿增长因子(GFmean)和NFMH均呈双峰特征,峰值分别出现在7:00和17:00左右.受夜晚边界层降低、强吸湿性组分非均相转化生成等影响,GFmean和NFMH夜间数值整体大于白天;受降水等气象条件影响,污染时段所有粒径段气溶胶的GFmean和NFMH均高于清洁时段.     

Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

Wintertime Surface Heat Exchange for the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River

This study analyzed the wintertime surface heat exchange for the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, China, based on the data from the nearby weather station at Wulateqianqi. In this analysis, the solar radiation is based on the observed data. Other components of the surface heat flux, that is, long‐wave radiation, and evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, are calculated. The relative importance of the contributions of long‐wave radiation, conductive, and evaporative heat fluxes are in descending order. The air temperature is the most important meteorological factor to the total heat flux. Although the wind speed influences evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, it has the least correlation with the total heat budget. The heat exchange coefficient for the linearized surface heat exchange equation is 21.87 W/(m² °C), which is comparable with published values in the regions of United States and Canada with similar latitudes.     

北京市冬季大气化石源CO_2典型日变化的~(14)C示踪研究

城市作为化石源CO_2(CO_(2_(ff)))排放的热点区域.获得其大气CO_(2_(ff))浓度的日变化特征对于深刻理解城市地区CO_(2_(ff))的时空变化规律,进而制定合理的节能减排政策至关重要。本研究通过AMS-~(14)C技术,示踪了北京市冬季一个典型日变化事件中大气(CO_(2_(ff)))的变化过程,并探讨了其影响因素。本次日变化事件中大气δ~(13)CO_2的值为(-13.9±0.8)%。(-14.8‰—-12.7‰),△~(14)CO_2的值为(-151.6±51.3)‰((-214.2±2.9)‰-(-82.3±3.0)‰),CO_(2_(ff))浓度为104.4±44.0μL·L~(-1)(168.6±2.7-52.1±3.2μL·L~(-1)。CO_(2_(ff))浓度具有较大的曰变化,夜晚CO_(2_(ff))浓度明显高于白天,主要是由于夜间大气混合层高度较低、供暖消耗更多的化石燃料以及在东南风条件下因北京不利的扩散条件而使CO_(2_(ff))聚积。此外,在早晚高峰期间,观察到由于交通流量增加引起的较高CO_(2_(ff))浓度。同期PM_(2.5)浓度相似的日变化过程进一步验证了本次CO_(2_(ff))观测结果的可靠性。     

硅藻精土对冬季生活污水处理的中试研究

针对生活污水处理在冬季低温时处理效果下降的问题,设计处理能力为2 m3/h的改良型A2/O工艺中试装置,在冬季低温运行情况下投加硅藻精土,从污泥沉降性能、MLVSS/MLSS比值、消泡情况和出水水质4个方面,阐述硅藻精土对运行效果的影响。结果表明,投加硅藻精土后污泥沉降性能改善、跑泥现象消失,前5 min沉降速度由67 mL/min上升到93 mL/min,MLVSS/MLSSS比值由0.46提高到0.51,好氧区生物泡沫明显减少,出水水质显著改善。