Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.     

活性炭-纳滤膜工艺去除饮用水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物

分别以地表水和地下水为水源的水厂出水为研究对象 ,探讨活性炭 纳滤膜工艺对饮用水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物的去除效果及机理 .结果表明 ,活性炭的吸附作用受其本身性质和有机物特性影响较大 ,去除能力有限 ,但它可作为纳滤的预处理 ,确保膜进水符合要求 ;纳滤则可将水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物大部分去除 ,使TA₉₈及TA₁₀₀菌株在各试验剂量下的MR值均小于 2 ,Ames试验结果均完全呈阴性 ,确保了饮用水的安全性 .两者的组合是获得优质饮用水的有效处理工艺 .     

长江水体氯化过程中强致突变物前驱物的筛选

ＭＸ「３－氯－４－（二氯甲基）－５－羟基－２（５Ｈ）－呋喃酮」是饮用水液氯消毒中产生的一种具有强致突变性的副产物,利用一系列ＸＡＤ吸附树脂和大孔离子交换树脂将长江水中的溶解态有机物分离为溶解态腐殖酸类,憎水弱酸类,憎水碱类,憎水中性物类,亲水酸类,亲水碱类６种组分,分别对不同组分的有机物进行氯化处理,用ＧＣ／ＭＳ选择离子峰面积法测定产物中的ＭＸ。     

失守的中国地下水

资料显示,我国90%的城市地上水已受到污染,部分城市的饮用水甚至出现了致癌、致畸、致突变污染指标。在国家环保部出台的《全国地下水污染防治规划(2011-2020年)》中,我们可以清晰地看到这样的数据——我国北方地区65%的生活用水、50%的工业用水和33%的农业灌溉用水来自地下水。全国655个城市中,有400多个以地下水为饮用水源,约占城市总数的61%。所以可以毫不夸张地说:对于我国居民来说,地下水就是我们赖以生存的生命之水。     

几种消毒剂对饮水致突变活性的影响

本研究应用Ａｍｅｓ致突变试验对武汉东湖水分别经氯、二氧化氯和臭氧消毒处理后的致突变活性进行了检测与比较。结果表明：东湖水以及臭氧消毒处理水样未呈现致突变性,氯与二氧化氯处理的水样致突变性检测结果为阳性,这３种消毒剂处理的各水样致突变比活性强度顺序由强至弱依次为氯〉二氧化氯〉臭氧;同时对东湖水用高锰酸钾预处理,以降低氯化消毒饮水致突变活性的效果也进行了比较,结果发现用高锰酸钾预处理东湖水,可降低氯化     

2－硝基芴大鼠肝微粒体体外代谢研究

初步研究了在通风条件下，经Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ１２５４诱导的大鼠肝微粒体酶对２－硝基芴的体外代谢。通过液相色谱、气相色谱、质谱、紫外光谱及红外光谱，首次分离和检测出单羟芴和二羟基芴等代谢产物，但未测得明显的硝基还原代谢产物。此外尚有一些谢产物未能定性。高致突变性羟基衍生物的检出，显示出硝基多环芳烃在哺乳动物体内可能存在多种代谢活化途径。为进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

小鼠微核试验检测大气颗粒物致突变性

以小鼠微核试验检测上海市有代表性的13个点大气颗粒物的致突变活性,结果表明,上海市大气颗粒物有机提取物能引起小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率的升高,且有剂量-反应关系,而各采样点的致微核作用相似.     

运河徐州段重点水污染源的致突变研究

通过紫露草微核技术，对重点水污染源进行测定，弄清了各种废水的致突变性，为保护大运河的水资源提供了科学依据。经致变物污染负荷（生物指标）与常规的等标污染负荷（理化指标）比较，得出在评价水质时，应用致变物污染负荷更重要的结论，为环境科学工作者提供了重要参考。