河北平原土壤硒异常成因及其生态效应

河北平原多目标区域地球化学调查在唐山开滦煤田及石家庄-邯郸一带发现了以Se元素为主的土壤地球化学异常。本文利用相关分析、多元统计分析等地球化学方法,对土壤Se异常成因、来源、生态环境效应等问题进行解释与评价。结果表明,燃煤产生的大气降尘是形成土壤Se异常的主要原因。土壤Se异常区小麦、玉米中Se元素含量明显高于非异常区,且有害元素含量不超标。     

紫外分光光度法测定大米中微量元素硒的含量

以市售大米为检测对象,采用凯氏烧瓶消解-紫外分光光度法测定了样品中微量元素硒的含量。结果表明:富硒大米、五常大米、白城大米、泰国香米及龙江县大米的含硒量分别为:0.258、0.054、0.051、0.033、0.045mg/kg(干基)。富硒大米的硒含量明显高于普通大米。标准曲线的相关系数r为0.9998,加标回收率在98.6%～102.7%之间,精密度RSD为2.25%,因此该法具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、工作曲线线性关系好的显著优点,可用于大米中微量元素硒的测定。     

硝酸-高氯酸消解——原子荧光法测定茶叶中的硒

建立硝酸-高氯酸消解-原子荧光法测定茶叶中的硒的方法,硒浓度在0．00～40．00μg／L范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,线性方程为y=31．2647,线性相关系数r=0．9996。样品6次定结果的相对标准偏差为3．9％,加标回收率为90．8％-95．2％。环境标准物质测定结果与标准值相吻合。     

硒连续化学提取技术中的若干问题讨论

硒的生物可利用性、毒性、环境行为和生物效应等不仅仅与硒的总量有关,更取决于硒的形态。硒的连续化学提取技术是硒形态研究的一个重要手段。在硒七步连续提取方案的基础上,重点探讨了有机结合态、元素态、硫化物/硒化物结合态硒的提取技术细节,讨论了不同液固比和提取剂对硒提取的影响,并对不同结合态硒提取中存在的问题进行了相应讨论。研究结果表明:在硒的连续化学提取过程中,液固比为20:1到50:1时能够满足不同结合态硒提取的要求;在水浴加热条件下,NaOH浓度0.1～0.5mol/L时能有效提取有机结合态硒;1mol/LNa2SO3溶液是元素硒的较好提取剂;而对于硫化物/硒化物结合态硒,600～700ml/min的载气气流能保证其还原所产生HSe气体的完全吸收。     

Soil selenium concentration and Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in Tibet, China

In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were 0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29 mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet areas.     

外源亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐在土壤中的价态转化及其生物有效性

采用土培盆栽试验和化学分析方法相结合的方法,研究了外源亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐态硒在土壤中的价态转化及其生物有效性,旨在为富硒蔬菜的开发和硒污染土壤的生物修复提供依据.结果表明,当土壤中外源施入亚硒酸盐时,小白菜不同生长时期土壤总硒、Se(Ⅳ)和Se(0)含量均随外源硒浓度的增加显著升高(p<0.05);而当土壤外源施入硒酸盐...     

湖北恩施渔塘坝富硒碳质泥岩中的微生物多样性初探

本文以湖北恩施渔塘坝富硒碳质泥岩为研究对象,采用构建16SrRNA基因克隆文库方法首次对其微生物群落结构进行了初步调查,结果发现其中细菌主要特征群落为变形菌（Proteobacteria）34％、酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）43．6％、放线菌（Ac-tinobacteria）12．9％和未分类细菌9．5％。古菌...     

连续流动氢化物发生原子荧光法测定水中硒

文章介绍连续流动一氢化物发生一原子荧光测定水中硒的方法,研究了盐酸浓度、硼氢化钾浓度、灯电流、光电倍增管负高压、泵速、载气和屏蔽气流量等对测定硒的影响,找出测定水中硒最佳条件,在最佳条件下,校准曲线相关系数为0.9999.方法检出限为0.0095μg/L,方法的测量范围为0.038-300μg/L,回收率在91.8%-...     

原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中硒

硒是生物体必须的营养元素。但过量的硒能引起中毒。因此,准确测定土壤中硒的含量,意义重大。本文介绍了焙烧富集、原子荧光法测定土壤中硒的方法。并对灯电流、负高压、原子化器的高度和温度、载气流量、还原剂浓度、预处理时活性炭、MgO、捕集剂用量的选择等实验条件进行了讨论和优选。绘制了标准曲线,并对标准参考样进行了测定,在选定的最佳条件下,测得标准参考样结果与真值相吻合,精密度分别为5．3％和7．2％。获得令人满意的结果。     

Institutional Constraints on Cost‐Effective Water Management: Selenium Contamination in Colorado's Lower Arkansas River Valley

Ground and surface water selenium (Se) contamination is problematic throughout the world, leading to harmful impacts on aquatic life, wildlife, livestock, and humans. A groundwater reactive transport model was applied to a regional‐scale irrigated groundwater system in the Lower Arkansas River Basin in southeastern Colorado to identify management practices that remediate Se contamination. The system has levels of surface water and groundwater Se concentrations exceeding the respective chronic standard and guidelines. We evaluate potential solutions by combining the transport model with an assessment of the cost to employ those practices. We use a framework common in economics and engineering fields alike, the Pareto frontier, to show the impact of four different best management practices on the tradeoffs between Se and cost objectives. We then extend that analysis to include institutional constraints that affect the economic feasibility associated with each practice. Results indicate that although water‐reducing strategies have the greatest impact on Se, they are the hardest for farmers to implement given constraints common to western water rights institutions. Therefore, our analysis shows that estimating economic and environmental tradeoffs, as is typically done with a Pareto frontier, will not provide an accurate picture of choices available to farmers where institutional constraints should also be considered.