南京市农用地土壤中重金属形态特征分析

以南京市农用地土壤为研究对象,采用顺序提取的方法对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd做化学形态分析,了解不同元素各形态下空间赋存的含量与占比。结果表明,在农用地土壤中,上述4种金属元素所赋存的化学形态活泼性顺序为CdPbCuZn,其中Cd主要为醋酸提取态,Pb主要为可还原态,各占总量的40%以上,具有较高的生物有效性和潜在危害性;Cu与Zn主要为残渣态,占总量的60%左右,生物可利用性较低。由因子分析法可知,土壤p H值越大,Zn与Cd就越趋于向稳定的化学形态转化,土壤有机质含量越高,对Cu与Pb的络合能力就越强,可以降低其环境危害性。     

植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征分析方法研究进展

植物内重金属分析不仅有助于阐述重金属迁移转化规律,揭示植物修复机理,也是监测评价大气、水及土壤环境重金属污染状况的重要依据。研究针对植物样品中重金属赋存形态及分布特征的分析方法进行综述,分别介绍了其原理、优缺点及应用。提出制定统一高效的分析检测方法,深化植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征与环境相关性的研究以及建立数据共享平台是植物样品重金属信息分析方法的未来发展方向。     

湖泊沉积物质量基准研究进展

当前湖泊沉积物污染问题日益引起广泛关注,建立切实可行的沉积物环境质量基准,是对受污染沉积物进行科学评价和有效治理的重要前提。本论文介绍了沉积物质量基准的概念和国内外在该领域的最新研究进展,阐述了建立沉积物质量基准的主要方法,并对当前沉积物质量基准存在的关键问题和未来研究前景进行了分析。作者认为,当前亟待开展复合污染条件下的沉积物环境质量基准研究,应注重数值型沉积物质量基准和生物响应型沉积物质量基准的有机结合,加快建立沉积物毒性试验的标准方法体系,加强沉积物污染物的赋存形态与迁移转化规律研究,探索建立符合我国区域特点的沉积物质量基准理论、技术和方法体系,提高沉积物质量基准的准确性、针对性和适用性。     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

道南膜技术测定Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中汞的化学形态

虽然道南膜技术(DMT)已经成功用于土壤/溶液中多种重金属自由态离子浓度的测定,但DMT技术测定Hg的形态尚未解决.采用DMT测定Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中Hg化学形态.实验结果表明,Hg在阳离子交换膜内的吸附除静电吸附外还存在结合力更强的化学吸附,Hg在阳离子交换膜内扩散成为Hg跨膜传输受阻的主要因素,限制道南膜技术用于Hg形态测定.Hg2+和Hg(OH)2都表现出在阳离子交换膜上的强烈吸附,供端(Donor)Hg损失达50%以上.缩短试验时间至8h以内,可在一定程度上降低Hg吸附.计算结果表明,由于大量的Hg滞留在阳离子交换膜内,在计算受端(Acceptor)Hg浓度时引入滞留系数补偿供端Hg的损失,较好地预测了Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中Hg的化学形态.     

宝鸡市街尘重金属元素含量、来源及形态特征

利用XRF和AAS研究了宝鸡市街尘中重金属元素的含量水平.结果表明,街尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别是123.2、408.4、715.1、804.2、15.9、48.8、126.7和5.5μg.g-1,均高于世界、中国、陕西省土壤元素背景值,其中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd超标最为突出.利用...     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

砷的发生、形态、污染源及地球化学循环

文章首先总结了砷在地表水、地下水、土壤、沉积物、岩石、大气中的含量和分布;归纳了砷的地球化学循环过程;分析了砷在水和土壤/沉积物固相中的形态;并重点阐述了砷在土壤和沉积物中的迁移转化机理。砷通常与Fe、Al、Mn的氧化物和氢氧化物、粘土矿物、硫化物、磷酸盐和碳酸盐矿物结合,砷的生物可用性和迁移性与其在土壤和沉积物中的形态有密切关系。文章最后定量阐述了砷的污染源,包括金属开采与冶炼,化学燃料的燃烧和含砷化学品使用。     

稀土工业污染土壤对外源钍的吸附行为研究

研究了外源钍在土壤上的吸附行为并评估其对土壤的污染风险.通过静态吸附解吸实验考察土壤样品对不同量外源钍的吸附容量、吸附平衡时间、分配系数和解吸能力.土壤样品对外源钍有很强的吸附能力,在吸附平衡时吸附百分比均大于92%,而解吸率均小于5%;钍在土壤溶液中分配系数最高可达104以上;吸附容量和平衡时间与土壤性质有关.吸附实验结果表明,可用Freundlich吸附等温式和Elovich方程分别描述土壤样品对钍吸附的热力学行为(r≥0.916 7)和动力学过程(R2≥0.898 0).较佳的拟合结果表明,土壤样品对外源钍的吸附是非线性物理化学吸附,吸附反应速率受钍在土壤表面和矿物内层扩散影响.采用形态连续萃取法分析外源钍在土壤上吸附后的赋存形态.由钍形态萃取结果,少量外源钍(10-7~10-6mol.L-1)进入土壤后主要以不稳定非残留态存在,其含量在58%以上;随着外源钍量增加,钍非残留态量增加,同时更多外源钍迁移到稳定残留态.     

炼焦过程挥发性有机物排放特征及其大气化学反应活性

利用不锈钢采样罐和全自动预浓缩/GC/MS系统,在58-Ⅱ型和JN43-80型焦炉顶测试了炼焦过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)中各组分的浓度,研究了VOCs排放特征,结合OH自由基消耗速率分析了这些物质的反应活性.研究发现,在装煤时刻和炼焦过程中,58-Ⅱ型焦炉产生的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度分别为7022 μg·m-3和6266μg·m-3;JN43-80型焦炉产生的TVOCs浓度分别为4185 μg·m-3和3298μg·m-3.装煤时刻产生的TVOCs浓度明显高于炼焦过程产生的.炼焦过程(包括装煤时刻)无组织排放的VOCs,包含烯烃、烷烃、芳香烃、卤代烃以及少量的醛和酮,其中乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、苯以及甲苯等为主要成分.这些产生的VOCs反应活性各不相同,活性最大的是烯烃类物质.其活性占TVOCs反应活性比重为86.2%±2.1%;其次是芳香烃类物质,其活性比重为9.2%±3.1%;反应活性最大的5个物种分别是丙烯、乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯以及苯乙烯.