2003年夏秋季大气环流异常对西北地区降水的影响

根据2003年6～10月西北地区118站逐日降水资料,对该地区、该时段的大气环流及其对该地区降水的影响进行了分析研究.     

Autumn leaf colouration: a new hypothesis involving plant–ant mutualism via aphids

Several recent hypotheses on the adaptive significance of autumn leaf colours have focused on specialist aphids. However, these hypotheses have overlooked several factors: the preferential investment by healthy vigorous trees in growth rather than defence against herbivores, variation among aphid species in their responses to bright autumn leaves and plant defences and the occurrence of tritrophic interactions in tree crowns. I incorporate these factors into a hypothesis that autumn leaf colours signal tree quality to myrmecophilous specialist aphids, with the aphids, in turn, attracting aphid-tending ants during the following spring, and the ants defending the trees from other aphids and herbivores. Therefore, bright autumn leaves may have adaptive significance, attracting myrmecophilous specialist aphids and their attending ants and, thus, reducing herbivory and competition among aphids.     

广州地区秋冬季细颗粒物PM2.5化学组分分析

分析了广州地区2009年-2010年秋冬季节大气中PM2．5样品的水溶性离子、重金属元素、有机碳/元素碳（OC/EC）、多环芳烃质量浓度和粒径分布。初步掌握了广州地区秋冬季节大气中PM2．5的化学组分和特点，有机质（OM）是广州地区秋冬季PM2．5中最主要的成分，其次是硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子和铵根；PM2．5中有机碳和元素碳的空间分布特征相似，并受一次源排放影响；PM2．5中的重金属含量以铝、锌、铅相对较高，且城区高于城郊；PM2．5中17种多环芳烃、苯并（ a）芘（ BaP）的浓度均为城郊高于市区。     

应用发烟照相法研究冲洪积扇秋季大气扩散规律

对秋季冲洪积扇地形下污染物扩散问题的处理,需要加强扩散参数的研究。本文应用发烟照相法研究垂直扩散参数,对其理论曲线与实验曲线进行了比较,对下风向轴线浓度理论值与实验值进行了讨论,认为冲洪积扇的地形和稳定度状况,比平原有利于污染物的扩散稀释;洪积扇地形下研究大气扩散,1km内需用实测的扩散参数来进行计算污染物的扩散,1km以远引用理论值是可以接受的。     

Orientation experiments with displaced juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) during autumn migratory season

In a previous paper, we reported that juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) trapped during the autumn migratory season and tested in modified Emlen funnels under overcast conditions can use magnetic information for compass orientation, although they did not orient toward the expected migratory direction. To further investigate this behaviour, in the present paper, we report the results of two series of displacement experiments performed on juvenile barn swallows belonging to two different roost sites [Massaciuccoli Lake (ML) and Terzo Cavone (TC)] and tested using the same protocol as that previously adopted. On the whole, the outcome of the ML and TC experiments was quite different with respect to (a) the degree of bird activity within the funnel (substantially lower for TC) and (b) the effect of the experimental displacement on the directional preferences of the tested subjects (not detectable in TC, while evident in ML swallows). Taken together, these results suggest that migrating swallows could react differently to the experimental tests depending on the roost site where they were caught. Indeed, TC swallows, trapped in southern Italy, close to the seacoast, and characterized by fairly large amounts of fat stores, mainly broke off their migratory activity or reoriented their directional preferences toward inland sites, possibly in search of more profitable habitats. On the other hand, ML swallows, trapped about 660 km to the north and characterized by lower amounts of fat stores, apparently tried to compensate for the experimental displacement.

Bimodal orientation and the occurrence of temporary reverse bird migration during autumn in south Scandinavia

Extensive ringing data from a coastal site (Falsterbo Bird Observatory) in southwesternmost Sweden were used to investigate the occurrence of reverse autumn migration among 20 passerine bird species of widely different migration categories. The data demonstrate that reverse migration is a widespread and regular phenomenon among nocturnal as well as diurnal migrants and among irruptive migrants, temperate zone migrants, and long-distance migrants destined for tropical winter quarters. The reoriented movements were directed approximately opposite to the normal migration direction, i.e. between NNW and ENE from the coast and towards inland. Median distances of reverse movements varied between 9 and 65 km. Some individuals of irruptive and partial migrants settled to winter in the reverse direction. Bird species with relatively small fat reserves at capture were more likely to perform reverse migratory movements than species with larger fat deposits. In two species birds performing forward migration were significantly heavier within 10 days after capture than individuals performing reverse movements. The reoriented movements probably are of adaptive significance for birds confronted with the sea and pre-disposed to refuelling during migration. A bimodal orientation mechanism will bring the birds from an area with high competition for food and high predation risk to more suitable resting and feeding grounds before resuming migration in the forward direction and crossing the barrier. Received: 11 July 1995/Accepted after revision: 19 November 1995     

秋白菜上市对环境污染的研究

对沈阳市秋白菜上市引发的环境污染作了调查、测试、并对净菜上市的环境效益进行了分析研究。     

2015—2017年江苏省秋、冬季空气质量状况

采用2015—2017年秋、冬季江苏省环境空气质量监测数据,从空气质量优良(达标)率、首要污染物、主要污染物浓度分析空气质量现状及特点。结果表明,江苏省秋、冬季空气质量优良(达标)率在60%左右,其中沿海地区空气质量达标率最高(71.1%),西北地区达标率最差(52.2%)。污染日的首要污染物主要为PM 2.5,占比高达91.5%。ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM 10)存在地区差异,江苏西北地区扬尘源贡献较大,江苏南部地区的二次颗粒物贡献更明显。ρ(NO2)/ρ(SO2)逐年持续升高,表明大气污染类型从燃煤性污染转变为复合型污染。     

西安城北地区秋季PM_(2.5)中的矿尘颗粒污染特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)对西安市大气矿尘颗粒物进行连续12 d在线分析,共采集到107 425个同时含有正负质谱信息的矿尘颗粒,矿尘颗粒物占PM_(2.5)样本数的8.44%。结果表明,矿尘颗粒物的正离子碎片成分以Na~+、K~+、Al~+、Ca~+、CaO~+、Fe~+为主,同时还含有Pb~+等,负离子碎片成分以NO~-_2和NO~-_3为主,另外还含有HSO~-_4、SiO~-_3、HSiO~-_3、H(NO_3)~-_2等。在西安市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、铁氧颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分。将观测阶段采集到的矿尘颗粒纳入本地污染源谱进行来源分析,其主要来源为扬尘源、工业源、燃煤源和汽车尾气源等。     

威海市秋季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

为探究威海市秋季挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征及来源，于2021年9月10—20日采用手工加密监测法对威海市秋季大气中VOCs进行监测，分析了气象因素对臭氧（O₃）及其前体物的影响和VOCs污染特征，并利用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）方法对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明，威海市温度对O₃生成影响明显，尤其是高温、低湿、扩散较差气象条件下，有利于O₃前体物的反应消耗，促使O₃生成及累积。观测期间，威海市秋季φ（VOCs）平均值为47.84×10^-9，VOCs中体积分数占比最高的为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs），占比为58.0%，其次为烷烃（21.6%）、卤代烃（10.2%）。O₃生成潜势（OFP）平均值为393.95μg/m³，对OFP的贡献占比最高的为OVOCs（74.1%），其次为芳香烃（12.6%）、烷烃（7.0%）和烯烃（5.4%）。PMF源解析结果显示，机动车尾气排放源、工艺过程源、船舶尾气排放源和溶剂使用源是威海市秋季VOCs排放主要来源，贡献占比分别为30.4%，23.9%，21.1%，16.5%。控制机动车排放和工艺过程排放是控制威海市秋季VOCs污染的重要途径。