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从证据法学概念的角度浅析了环境监测原始记录的证据范畴,根据其所属范畴的证据要求,归纳了环境监测原始记录的证据要求。结合实例,分析了环境监测原始记录存在的不足,并提出了改进建议。 相似文献
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Jurriaan M. De Vos Lucas N. Joppa John L. Gittleman Patrick R. Stephens Stuart L. Pimm 《Conservation biology》2015,29(2):452-462
A key measure of humanity's global impact is by how much it has increased species extinction rates. Familiar statements are that these are 100–1000 times pre‐human or background extinction levels. Estimating recent rates is straightforward, but establishing a background rate for comparison is not. Previous researchers chose an approximate benchmark of 1 extinction per million species per year (E/MSY). We explored disparate lines of evidence that suggest a substantially lower estimate. Fossil data yield direct estimates of extinction rates, but they are temporally coarse, mostly limited to marine hard‐bodied taxa, and generally involve genera not species. Based on these data, typical background loss is 0.01 genera per million genera per year. Molecular phylogenies are available for more taxa and ecosystems, but it is debated whether they can be used to estimate separately speciation and extinction rates. We selected data to address known concerns and used them to determine median extinction estimates from statistical distributions of probable values for terrestrial plants and animals. We then created simulations to explore effects of violating model assumptions. Finally, we compiled estimates of diversification—the difference between speciation and extinction rates for different taxa. Median estimates of extinction rates ranged from 0.023 to 0.135 E/MSY. Simulation results suggested over‐ and under‐estimation of extinction from individual phylogenies partially canceled each other out when large sets of phylogenies were analyzed. There was no evidence for recent and widespread pre‐human overall declines in diversity. This implies that average extinction rates are less than average diversification rates. Median diversification rates were 0.05–0.2 new species per million species per year. On the basis of these results, we concluded that typical rates of background extinction may be closer to 0.1 E/MSY. Thus, current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than natural background rates of extinction and future rates are likely to be 10,000 times higher. Estimación de la Tasa Normal de Extinción de Especies 相似文献
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NÁRGILA G. MOURA ALEXANDER C. LEES ALEXANDRE ALEIXO JOS BARLOW SIDNEI M. DANTAS JOICE FERREIRA MARIA DE FÁTIMA C. LIMA TOBY A. GARDNER 《Conservation biology》2014,28(5):1271-1281
Local, regional, and global extinctions caused by habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation have been widely reported for the tropics. The patterns and drivers of this loss of species are now increasingly well known in Amazonia, but there remains a significant gap in understanding of long‐term trends in species persistence and extinction in anthropogenic landscapes. Such a historical perspective is critical for understanding the status and trends of extant biodiversity as well as for identifying priorities to halt further losses. Using extensive historical data sets of specimen records and results of contemporary surveys, we searched for evidence of local extinctions of a terra firma rainforest avifauna over 200 years in a 2500 km2 eastern Amazonian region around the Brazilian city of Belém. This region has the longest history of ornithological fieldwork in the entire Amazon basin and lies in the highly threatened Belém Centre of Endemism. We also compared our historically inferred extinction events with extensive data on species occurrences in a sample of catchments in a nearby municipality (Paragominas) that encompass a gradient of past forest loss. We found evidence for the possible extinction of 47 species (14% of the regional species pool) that were unreported from 1980 to 2013 (80% last recorded between 1900 and 1980). Seventeen species appear on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and many of these are large‐bodied. The species lost from the region immediately around Belém are similar to those which are currently restricted to well‐forested catchments in Paragominas. Although we anticipate the future rediscovery or recolonization of some species inferred to be extinct by our calculations, we also expect that there are likely to be additional local extinctions, not reported here, given the ongoing loss and degradation of remaining areas of native vegetation across eastern Amazonia. Doscientos Años de Extinciones Locales de Aves en la Amazonia Oriental 相似文献
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介绍了OSHA《记录和报告职业伤害与疾病》法规的主要内容,分析了中国引入该法规的益处。 相似文献
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马来西亚海域安达曼海多环芳烃的百年沉积记录 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用GC/MS分析研究了马来西亚海域安达曼海兰卡威岛邻近海域沉积物柱样(WC02)中多环芳烃(PAHs)组成与含量的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb定年,重现了该海域近百年来PAHs的沉积历史(1898~2004年).研究表明,PAHs在整个沉积剖面(0~56 cm)的含量介于13.2~60.1 ng.g-1之间(平均值28.4 ng.g-1),所分析的PAHs中以菲、萘、等化合物为主,与当地周边海域相比污染程度较轻.在20世纪20年代以前,沉积物中多环芳烃含量较低,基本代表当地环境的本底值,即多环芳烃主要来源于天然物质的输入;20年代以后PAHs的总量有所上升,并在20世纪60年代和80年代出现了2个峰值,表明这段时间内多环芳烃的陆源输入特征比较明显,也反映了人类活动在20世纪20年代后开始对该海域产生一定的影响.采用母体、高低环PAH比值对沉积物柱样中PAHs的来源进行分析,表明该海域沉积物受到燃料不完全燃烧产物污染为主、并伴有石油类污染,这与马来西亚西海域周边地区的人类活动(工农业生产、进出口、海上活动等)密切相关,同时也受到马六甲海峡繁忙的海上交通运输影响.对沉积物柱样污染历史进行分析,表明PAHs含量的... 相似文献
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经实地调查采集及标本整理鉴定,确认四川天门冬属植物有14种,其中大理天门冬、甘肃天门冬和昆明天门冬为四川分布新记录,并编制了14种植物的检索表。 相似文献
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秦皇岛市水环境现状与恢复 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
秦皇岛地区原始自然环境优越,多年来,不正当的人为活动、环境恶化趋势明显,也直接干扰与影响着水的良性循环。现状水环境:河流基流渐小,并季节性断流,坑塘减少,湿地萎缩水土流失,洪径增大。地下水位下降,水量减少,承压水无序开采,污净比失衡,河流承栽力降低。地下水垂直污染面扩大,点、面、垃圾污染源趋重。联通青一洋、石一起,实施水资源再分配。优化配置城乡用水。重视地下水源地建设,联合调度地表、地下水源。谨慎开发承压水。植树造林、涵养水分。注重防风林带建设,改善田间小气候。严控地下水采量,防止土壤旱化。搞好坑塘建设,解决乡镇污水出路与净化。保护湿地,促进水的良性循环。深度处理废污水.使之资源化。从源头抓好城市三大水源地污染源.察勘储备新地下水源地。改良恢复水环境,保障水资源循环利用。 相似文献
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通过对采集于珠江三角洲澳门河口区的沉积物柱状样品中多环芳烃的GC MS定量分析测定,并结合210Pb同位素定年分析,重建了珠江口近代有机污染物的污染史(1959~1996年).研究结果表明,柱芯样品中多环芳烃的浓度为0.6~4.5μg·g-1(干重计),污染程度为中等.其中在20世纪60年代和80年代分别记录到两个高的污染峰,表明这两个时间段内有较大的污染物输入.以母体化合物比值对沉积物样品中的多环芳烃来源进行了分析,结果表明是受到了以油类和不完全燃烧产物为主的混合污染,且污染来源较为单一.对沉积物毒性潜在效应的计算表明,表层沉积物毒性效应较大,且从90年代初期开始后至1996年,毒性当量浓度呈线性趋势增加. 相似文献
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