响应曲面法优化物理活化制备羊骨基活性炭工艺

为通过物理活化法制备羊骨活性炭,采用响应曲面(Response surface methodology,RSM)实验设计,以活化温度、活化时间、CO2流量为试验因素,以碘吸附值为响应值,建立数学模型,工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为活化温度476.05℃、活化时间9.34 min、CO2流量159.4 mL/min,在此条件下碘吸附值为411 mg/g;通过对碘吸附值曲面方程和二次多项回归方程解逆矩阵得知该方程的预测值与实际值之间具有较好的拟合度。     

化学活化法制备羊骨基活性炭工艺的优化及其孔结构的表征

以氯化锌为活化剂,用羊骨为原料,利用化学活化法制备羊骨基活性炭。通过正交实验和单因素实验相结合得出最优工艺条件为:氯化锌溶液浓度0.05 g/100 mL、活化温度350℃、活化时间10 min、浸渍时间为36 h。在此最佳工艺条件下羊骨基活性炭的碘吸附量为407.35 mg/g,得率为62%;用此工艺制备的羊骨基活性炭等温曲线类型属于多层吸附;BET比表面积为59 m2/g,总孔容为0.1945 cm3/g,孔径分布落在1.31～20 nm之间,为中孔结构;羊骨基活性炭SEM图可看出,颗粒呈不规则状,结构疏松。     

Health and Safety Perception of Workers in Turkey: A Survey of Construction Sites

This study reports the general health and safety (HS) conditions in the Turkish construction industry from the perspective of construction labor. Toward this aim, a questionnaire survey was carried out with 800 workers employed in 32 construction projects in Turkey. Contractors were found to neglect their legal liabilities in paying workers’ insurance premiums. Also, they overlooked safety training and were reluctant to hiring physicians at construction sites and investing in personal protective equipment (PPE). As the real constructors of projects, workers did not attach adequate importance to occupational training. In addition, they were not willing to use some PPE. Key participants of HS affairs such as workers, contractors, unions, and government should comprehend their drawbacks to overcome the current dangerous view of the industry. In this regard, related government bodies should compel contractors and workers to adapt to the relatively new regulations on occupational HS.     

A case study of trace metals in suspended particulate matter and biota before wastewater treatment plant from the Izmir Bay,Turkey

The concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Fe) from suspended particulate matter (SPM) and biota in Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea) were studied in order to evaluate the environmental impact of the anthropogenic metals before building of Wastewater Treatment Plant. SPM samples were collected in wet and dry periods from Izmir Bay. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu, 0.36–2.19; Mn, 0.07–11.3; Ni, 0.43–7.81; Zn, 7.33–269; Fe, 1.00–266 μgdm^− 3) were comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted bays. Maximum metal concentrations in SPM were observed during summer season. SPM metal concentrations displayed a clear spatial trend with values increasing with proximity to urban centers. Cu and Zn concentrations in SPM were especially high in the inner bay. SPM were found to be contaminated by Zn. The vertical profile of Mn, Zn, and Ni concentrations in SPM had a maximal value at the upper layer and decreased to minimal value at the bottom layer of the inner bay in summer, in contrast to the observed pattern of Fe and Cu. Maximum Cu concentrations were obtained in Penaeus kerathurus. Also, maximum Zn and Fe concentrations were found in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Relatively high Cu levels were found in Sardina pilcardus and Mullus barbatus than other fish species. Besides, Cu levels were lower in Diplodus annularis and Merluccius merluccius. Finally, metal levels in biota tissues were lower than the limits of European Dietary Standards and Guidelines.     

Wind energy and Turkey

The global energy requirement for sustaining economic activities, meeting social needs and social development is increasing daily. Environmentally friendly, renewable energy resources are an alternative to the primary non-renewable energy resources, which devastate ecosystems in order to meet increasing demand. Among renewable energy sources such as hydropower, biopower, geothermal power and solar power, wind power offers distinct advantages to Turkey. There is an increasing tendency toward wind globally and the European Union adjusted its legal regulations in this regard. As a potential EU Member state, Turkey is going through a similar process. The number of institutional and legal regulations concerning wind power has increased in recent years; technical infrastructure studies were completed, and some important steps were taken in this regard. This study examines the way in which Turkey has developed support for wind power, presents a SWOT analysis of the wind power sector in Turkey and a projection was made for the concrete success expected to be accomplished in the future.     

Analysis of environmental impact assessment (EIA) system in Turkey

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System, which embodies the ??prevention principle?? of the environmental law, is an important tool for environmental protection. This tool has a private importance for Turkey since it is a developing country, and it entered the Turkish law in 1983 with the Environmental Law. Besides, the EIA Regulation, which shows the application principles, became effective in 1993. Because Turkey is a candidate for European Union (EU), the EIA Regulation has been changed due to the EU compliance procedure, and its latest version became valid in 2008. This study aims to emphasize The EIA system in Turkey to supervise the efficiency of this procedure and point the success level. In the introduction part, general EIA concept, its importance, and some notations are mentioned. Following that, the legislation, which builds the EIA system, has been analyzed starting from the 1982 Turkish Constitution. Then, the legislation rules are explained due to the basic steps of the EIA procedure. In order to shed light upon the application, the EIA final decisions given until today, the results, and their distributions to the industries are assessed. In the final part of the study, a SWOT analysis is made to mention the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of the EIA system in Turkey.     

吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤重金属环境容量评价与预测

土壤与农产品重金属污染风险评价是当前国内外研究的热点领域。从新疆吐鲁番盆地葡萄园采集101个代表性土壤样品，测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Hg等6中元素的含量。采用综合环境容量指数法（PI），分析葡萄园土壤重金属环境容量特征及其空间分布规律，估算静态和动态环境容量，并预测其近百年变化趋势。结果表明：（1）吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb与Hg含量平均值均未超出《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（GB15618-2018）》中的土壤风险筛选值；（2）葡萄园土壤各重金属元素单项环境容量指数平均值由大到小依次为：Ni > Pb=Hg > As > Cr > Cd其中，Ni元素的环境容量指数处于高容量状态As、Cd、Cr、Pb与Hg等5种元素环境容量指数均处于中容量状态。研究区98.02%的葡萄园土壤处于中容量区，研究区中部葡萄园土壤重金属元素的PI值较高，研究区东部和西部葡萄园土壤重金属元素的PI值较低；（3）静态年容量和动态年容量排序相同大小依次为：Cr > Ni > Pb > As > Hg > Cd。20~40 年之内的静态和动态年容量变化速度大于其他年限的变化速度，各年限动态年容量均大于静态年容量。     

Spatial Distribution Patterns,Sources of Heavy Metals,and Relation to Ecological Risk of Surface Sediments of the Cyprus Northern Shelf (Eastern Mediterranean)

In this study, the spatial distribution of metals and the sources of metal pollution were investigated along the Northern Shelf of Cyprus (Mediterranean Sea). The concentrations of heavy metals and organic matter were measured in sediments collected from the Gemi Konagi, Girne, and Gazi Magusa areas. Measured metal values were compared with Mediterranean background concentrations. Cu and Zn concentrations at the Gemi Konagi area and all of the Cr values were higher than Mediterranean backgrounds. The metal levels were evaluated by the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (C_f) and degree of contamination (C_d). EF results indicated that heavy metal sources were probably originated from natural processes and mining activities. The C_f values of Hg indicated low contamination. The C_d (degree of contamination) values for all heavy metals also showed a low degree of contamination at the study area. Metal levels were also compared with the numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) for an environmental risk assessment. Results showed that sediments were classified as heavily polluted by Cu and moderately polluted by Zn at Gemi Konagi and heavily polluted by Cr and Ni contamination at all sampling areas per the SQG.