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1.
Jonathan M. H. Green Gemma R. Cranston William J. Sutherland Hannah R. Tranter Sarah J. Bell Tim G. Benton Eva Blixt Colm Bowe Sarah Broadley Andrew Brown Chris Brown Neil Burns David Butler Hannah Collins Helen Crowley Justin DeKoszmovszky Les G. Firbank Brett Fulford Toby A. Gardner Rosemary S. Hails Sharla Halvorson Michael Jack Ben Kerrison Lenny S. C. Koh Steven C. Lang Emily J. McKenzie Pablo Monsivais Timothy O’Riordan Jeremy Osborn Stephen Oswald Emma Price Thomas David Raffaelli Belinda Reyers Jagjit S. Srai Bernardo B. N. Strassburg David Webster Ruth Welters Gail Whiteman James Wilsdon Bhaskar Vira 《Sustainability Science》2017,12(2):319-331
Delivering access to sufficient food, energy and water resources to ensure human wellbeing is a major concern for governments worldwide. However, it is crucial to account for the ‘nexus’ of interactions between these natural resources and the consequent implications for human wellbeing. The private sector has a critical role in driving positive change towards more sustainable nexus management and could reap considerable benefits from collaboration with researchers to devise solutions to some of the foremost sustainability challenges of today. Yet opportunities are missed because the private sector is rarely involved in the formulation of deliverable research priorities. We convened senior research scientists and influential business leaders to collaboratively identify the top forty questions that, if answered, would best help companies understand and manage their food-energy-water-environment nexus dependencies and impacts. Codification of the top order nexus themes highlighted research priorities around development of pragmatic yet credible tools that allow businesses to incorporate nexus interactions into their decision-making; demonstration of the business case for more sustainable nexus management; identification of the most effective levers for behaviour change; and understanding incentives or circumstances that allow individuals and businesses to take a leadership stance. Greater investment in the complex but productive relations between the private sector and research community will create deeper and more meaningful collaboration and cooperation. 相似文献
2.
This study examines the relationship between national-level militarism and consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions. We analyze panel data from 1990 to 2010 for 81 nations to determine whether the magnitude of the effects of (1) military expenditures as percent of total gross domestic product and (2) military personnel as percent of total labor force on carbon emissions change over time. Results of two-way fixed effects models highlight the temporal stability of the environmental impacts of both national-level military characteristics. The findings also reveal that the effect of military expenditures on emissions is larger in the more developed OECD nations than in the developing non-OECD nations. Overall, the results support the treadmill of destruction perspective, which suggests that the nations’ militaries are an important social institution to consider in sustainability science research on the human drivers of global environmental change. 相似文献
3.
The popular microblogging service, Twitter, contains a variety of potential orientations—interpersonal, broadcast, news, advertising, public service, political, and so on—in its operation and applications. As an evolving social media platform, specificity and context are essential in understanding its significance and use-value. This paper investigates the multiple modalities of Twitter in the context of formal politics and, in particular, the Greens party in Australia. Presenting original evidence drawn from the Greens Members of Parliament and their advisers, it is shown how Twitter is mobilized in response to particular news agendas and stories, unfolding political events and processes, and an ongoing need for the Greens to speak simultaneously to committed environmentalists and the broader electorate. These uses reveal that Twitter is an important addition to the “media ecology mix” in the conduct of environmental politics, playing a direct role in political communication, strategies, and actions. 相似文献
4.
This study summarizes the spatial and temporal trends of fallout (137)Cs concentrations in caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus ssp.), reported in various programs in Canada, Alaska and Greenland, over a 40-y period. During the 1960s, the highest (137)Cs concentrations (2000-3000Bqkg(-1) wet weight in muscle) were found in the large caribou herds of central northern Canada, with levels about 50% lower in Alaska and Greenland. Concentrations varied by up to a factor of 6 between spring and fall. Concentrations in reindeer were comparable to those in caribou from the same regions. The highest (137)Cs concentrations (750Bqkg(-1)) in the late 1980s were found in the Caniapiscau herd of central Québec. The contribution from the Chernobyl accident in 1986 was estimated from (134)Cs measurements to be 10-40% of the total (137)Cs. Present concentrations have declined to 200-300Bqkg(-1). The effective half-life (T(eff)) of (137)Cs in Canadian caribou herds was estimated to be about 6 y. The potential impact on the health of northern residents is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Carlos Carroll Brett Hartl Gretchen T. Goldman Daniel J. Rohlf Adrian Treves Jeremy T. Kerr Euan G. Ritchie Richard T. Kingsford Katherine E. Gibbs Martine Maron James E. M. Watson 《Conservation biology》2017,31(5):967-975
Government agencies faced with politically controversial decisions often discount or ignore scientific information, whether from agency staff or nongovernmental scientists. Recent developments in scientific integrity (the ability to perform, use, communicate, and publish science free from censorship or political interference) in Canada, Australia, and the United States demonstrate a similar trajectory. A perceived increase in scientific‐integrity abuses provokes concerted pressure by the scientific community, leading to efforts to improve scientific‐integrity protections under a new administration. However, protections are often inconsistently applied and are at risk of reversal under administrations publicly hostile to evidence‐based policy. We compared recent challenges to scientific integrity to determine what aspects of scientific input into conservation policy are most at risk of political distortion and what can be done to strengthen safeguards against such abuses. To ensure the integrity of outbound communications from government scientists to the public, we suggest governments strengthen scientific integrity policies, include scientists’ right to speak freely in collective‐bargaining agreements, guarantee public access to scientific information, and strengthen agency culture supporting scientific integrity. To ensure the transparency and integrity with which information from nongovernmental scientists (e.g., submitted comments or formal policy reviews) informs the policy process, we suggest governments broaden the scope of independent reviews, ensure greater diversity of expert input and transparency regarding conflicts of interest, require a substantive response to input from agencies, and engage proactively with scientific societies. For their part, scientists and scientific societies have a responsibility to engage with the public to affirm that science is a crucial resource for developing evidence‐based policy and regulations in the public interest. 相似文献
6.
A factor analytic study of attitudinal structure and its impact on rural landowners' access policies
Previous research has shown that rural landowners' hunter access policies are determined in large part by their attitudes
towards hunters, legal liability, conservation, and economic incentives. The results of this study support this research and
indicate that East Texas, USA, landowners' decisions to allow or restrict access are based, in part, on attitudes toward hunter
behavior, hunting as a social activity, leasing as a management practice, and a perceived obligation toward wildlife stewardship.
Attitude-based profiles of landowners who adopted one of four access policies are compared. 相似文献
7.
Woodard KR French EC Sweat LA Graetz DA Sollenberger LE Macoon B Portier KM Rymph SJ Wade BL Prine GM Van Horn HH 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(3):996-1007
In northern Florida, year-round forage systems are used in dairy effluent sprayfields to reduce nitrate leaching. Our purpose was to quantify forage N removal and monitor nitrate N (NO3(-)-N) concentration below the rooting zone for two perennial, sod-based, triple-cropping systems over four 12-mo cycles (1996-2000). The soil is an excessively drained Kershaw sand (thermic, uncoated Typic Quartzip-samment). Effluent N rates were 500, 690, and 910 kg ha(-1) per cycle. Differences in N removal between a corn (Zea mays L.)-bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) system (CBR) and corn-perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.)-rye system (CPR) were primarily related to the performance of the perennial forages. Nitrogen removal of corn (125-170 kg ha(-1)) and rye (62-90 kg ha(-1)) was relatively stable between systems and among cycles. The greatest N removal was measured for CBR in the first cycle (408 kg ha(-1)), with the bermudagrass removing an average of 191 kg N ha(-1). In later cycles, N removal for bermudagrass declined because dry matter (DM) yield declined. Yield and N removal of perennial peanut increased over the four cycles. Nitrate N concentrations below the rooting zone were lower for CBR than CPR in the first two cycles, but differences were inconsistent in the latter two. The CBR system maintained low NO3(-)-N leaching in the first cycle when the bermudagrass was the most productive; however, it was not a sustainable system for long-term prevention of NO3(-)-N leaching due to declining bermudagrass yield in subsequent cycles. For CPR, effluent N rates > or = 500 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) have the potential to negatively affect ground water quality. 相似文献
8.
Brett M. Baden Douglas S. Noonan Rama Mohana R. Turaga 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2007,50(2):163-185
Many empirical environmental justice (EJ) studies lack a systematic framework in which to undertake research and interpret results. This paper characterizes the conventional EJ study and examines how results can be influenced by the choice of the spatial scale and scope of analysis. After thoroughly reviewing a sample of prominent EJ studies, a conventional EJ study was performed for (Superfund) National Priorities List sites at multiple scales and scopes. It was found that evidence of environmental injustice could be sensitive to scale and scope chosen, which partly explains the observed inconsistency in the empirical literature. Implications for interpreting existing EJ research and conducting future EJ research are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Reproduction in the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii was examined in two types of habitats (“barrens”, i.e. habitats characterised by the high crustose coralline algal cover
typical of urchin-barren grounds, and by the absence of macroalgae; and “fringe”, i.e. habitats characterised by a high macroalgal
biomass and few C. rodgersii) at four locations in New South Wales. The four locations: the Solitary Islands, Sydney, Ulladulla and Eden, span the distribution
of C.␣rodgersii from the subtropics at its northern limit to temperate waters near its southern limit. Histology and estimates of gonad retrieval
rate (GRR) from January 1994 to October 1995 indicated that reproduction was synchronous at all locations. An increase in
the tempo of gametogenesis in May and onset of spawning in June at all locations is consistent with entrainment in response
to exogenous factors. Over the range studied, C. rodgersii experienced relatively similar daylength cycles and contrasting sea-temperature cycles. Short days and lunar conditions coinciding
with the solstice appear likely proximate cues for the onset of spawning. The major difference in reproduction among locations
was in the duration of spawning. In the southern parts of its range breeding occurred over a 5 to 6 mo period, whereas at
the Solitary Islands it lasted ≃1 mo. At most locations the GRRs were significantly higher in the fringe habitat than in the
barrens habitat. The lower reproductive output of urchins in the barrens habitat was attributed to the food-poor conditions
typical of this habitat. The developing fishery for C. rodgersii is likely to be most effective from March to early May. Urchins from barrens areas may not provide sufficient yield to warrant
harvesting.
Received: 29 October 1997 / Accepted: 18 May 1998 相似文献
10.
Using environmental analytical data to estimate levels of community consumption of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A solid phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed and applied in conjunction with a previously reported liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) procedure for the determination of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater and surface water samples at the ng L(-1) level. A full method validation was also performed and determined levels of analytical sensitivity were found to lie in the 1-10 ng L(-1) range using river water as a test sample matrix and a sample size of 500 mL. The developed procedure was successfully applied for the determination of the chosen analytes in wastewater treatment plants in Dublin, Ireland and rapidly expanding commuter towns in the surrounding counties. Cocaine was detected in 70% of the collected samples in the range of 25-489 ng L(-1), its primary metabolite, benzoylecognine (BZE) was also detected in the range of 22-290 ng L(-1). Other substances detected included morphine, Tempazepam and the primary metabolite of methadone. 相似文献