温室气体缓解对策：从美国国家研究计划得到的初步结果

根据联合国气候变化框架公约的要求，发展中国家和过渡国家最后必须报告温室气体的排放清单和应对方案。美国和其它损款国正在为气候变化的国家研究提供财政和技术支持，以便在ＵＮＦＣＣＣ指导下帮助满足这些研究的需求。为完成缓解评估所提供了技术援助包括：训练分析人员，共享现代设备和评估方法，实现资料分享和分析人员的交流计划。受援国家的分析人员可以获得２５种以上的分析设备以寿命他们完成各自国家的温室气体缓解评估。     

Inter and intra-population variation in shoaling and boldness in the zebrafish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Danio rerio</Emphasis>)

Population differences in anti-predator behaviour have been demonstrated in several species, although less is known about the genetic basis of these traits. To determine the extent of genetic differences in boldness (defined as exploration of a novel object) and shoaling within and between zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations, and to examine the genetic basis of shoaling behaviour in general, we carried out a study that involved laboratory-raised fish derived from four wild-caught populations. Controlling for differences in rearing environment, significant inter-population differences were found in boldness but not shoaling. A larger shoaling experiment was also performed using one of the populations as the basis of a North Carolina type II breeding design (174 fish in total) to estimate heritability of shoaling tendency. A narrow-sense heritability estimate of 0.40 was obtained, with no apparent dominance effects.     

Sustainable land application: an overview

Man has land-applied societal nonhazardous wastes for centuries as a means of disposal and to improve the soil via the recycling of nutrients and the addition of organic matter. Nonhazardous wastes include a vast array of materials, including manures, biosolids, composts, wastewater effluents, food-processing wastes, industrial by-products; these are collectively referred to herein as residuals. Because of economic restraints and environmental concerns about land-filling and incineration, interest in land application continues to grow. A major lesson that has been learned, however, is that the traditional definition of land application that emphasizes applying residuals to land in a manner that protects human and animal health, safeguards soil and water resources, and maintains long-term ecosystem quality is incomplete unless the earning of public trust in the practices is included. This overview provides an introduction to a subset of papers and posters presented at the conference, "Sustainable Land Application," held in Orlando, FL, in January 2004. The USEPA, USDA, and multiple national and state organizations with interest in, and/or responsibilities for, ensuring the sustainability of the practice sponsored the conference. The overriding conference objectives were to highlight significant developments in land treatment theory and practice, and to identify future research needs to address critical gaps in the knowledge base that must be addressed to ensure sustainable land application of residuals.     

翼形上进风长袋脉冲袋式除尘器气流特性研究

袋式除尘器对超细颗粒物的净化效果较好,增加袋长是提高过滤面积的有效方法,但随滤袋加长,气流均匀性变差,滤袋容易破损,局部积灰严重,滤袋不能得到充分的利用。文章对翼形上进风长袋脉冲袋式除尘器建立几何模型并进行网格划分,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)理论,选取过滤速度为0.5~1.3 m/min和压力出口为-350~-2 000 Pa为边界条件,采用压力-速度耦合的SIMPLE算法,模拟包含Φ130 mm和Φ150 mm,长10 m滤袋的翼形上进风长袋脉冲袋式除尘器的气流分布,考察气流在滤袋空间分布的均匀性。结果表明:翼形上进风方式使得长袋脉冲袋式除尘器内气流分布较均匀;通过Φ150滤袋的气流速度大于Φ130;靠近壁面的滤袋的气流速度大于相应中心滤袋的。该研究可为上进风袋式除尘器的优化设计提供指导和依据。     

袋式除尘器在燃煤锅炉上的应用

在大型锅炉,特别是在电厂锅炉的干式除尘系统中,究竟是采用静电除尘器为佳,还是选用袋式除尘器适宜?多少年来一直是国内外有关技术工作者讨论的话题之一。本文所示的就属后一种观点。但是基于中国目前煤的产量是世界第1,储量是世界第2,且大部为高硫煤以及中国至今还是属于发展中国家,国民人均产值相当低,经济基础还很薄弱的现实。因此,文中所述国外由于限制排放标准的提高和排放硫氧化物控制的强化,而使电厂转向采用低硫煤,最后导致静电除尘器向布袋除尘器转化这一因果关系能否在中国成立?以及中、近期内中国有无可能将现有锅炉烟尘限制排放标准大幅度提高,如从200mg/Nm~3提高到象美国的30mg/Nm~3?等问题还是可以探讨的。我们欢迎从事这方面的科研、设计或应用的专业工作者来稿发表自己的看法。     

Post-irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils,crops and ground water--a case study

Long-term irrigation with sewage water adds large amounts of carbon, major and micro- nutrients to the soil. We compared the spatial distribution of N, P, K and other micronutrients and toxic elements in the top 0.6 m of an alluvial soil along with their associated effects on the composition of crops and ground waters after about three decades of irrigation with domestic sewage effluent as a function of distance from the disposal point. Use of sewage for irrigation in various proportions improved the organic matter to 1.24-1.78% and fertility status of soils especially down to a distance of 1 km along the disposal channel. Build up in total N was up to 2908 kg ha(-1), available P (58 kg ha(-1)), total P (2115 kg ha(-1)), available K (305 kg ha(-1)) and total K (4712 kg ha(-1)) in surface 0.15 m soil. Vertical distribution of these parameters also varied, with most accumulations occurring in surface 0.3 m. Traces of NO3-N (up to 2.8 mg l(-1)), Pb (up to 0.35 mg l(-1)) and Mn (up to 0.23 mg l(-1)) could also be observed in well waters near the disposal point thus indicating initiation of ground water contamination. However, the contents of heavy metals in crops sampled from the area were below the permissible critical levels. Though the study confirms that the domestic sewage can effectively increase water resource for irrigation but there is a need for continuous monitoring of the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil, plants and ground water.     

应测定覆膜滤料的有关性能参数

文章分析了覆膜滤料的优点，提出了应对覆膜滤料的几项性能参数进行检测。     

应测定覆膜滤料的有关性能参数

文章分析了覆膜滤料的优点,提出了应对覆膜滤料的几项性能参数进行检测.     

Agri-environmental schemes: their role in reversing floral decline in the Brue floodplain, Somerset, UK

This paper explores whether the introduction of an agri-environmental scheme has altered the course of long-term trends in plant species abundance in the Somerset Levels and Moors Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA), UK. A semi-quantitative approach has been taken which integrates disparate but important historical datasets relating to flora and land management with more contemporary digital information. Species datasets from four time periods throughout the 20th century have been collated within a Geographic Information System and analysed with respect to ancillary data relating to elevation, under-drainage and ESA designation. Qualitative reconstruction of the historical ecology of this internationally important area of lowland wet grassland showed that a steady decline in abundance and extent of key components of the flora had already started by 1900. Analysis of historical under-drainage records dating from 1940s to 1980s showed a clear link between the length of time an area had been under-drained and the subsequent diversity of flora recorded in later surveys. In addition, the relative persistence of the rarer components of the wetland flora between surveys in 1980 and 1997 was related to the spatial pattern of under-drainage on the site since 1940. When overall species diversity was compared before and after ESA designation (1980-1997) there was some evidence of an increase in the number of species present and their spatial extent. The historical dataset provided useful contextual information with respect to species trends and allowed the interpretation of contemporary datasets to be placed within a longer timeframe. This pilot study using 18 species gives some evidence that long-established trends in species decline in the Somerset Levels and Moors ESA are starting to be reversed.