硅烷的危险特性及安全操作

硅烷作为一种提供硅组分的气体源 ,广泛应用于微电子、光电器件以及高纯度多晶硅生产 ,潜在应用前景更为广阔。随着硅烷应用领域的扩大 ,硅烷安全使用和处理已成为首要的问题。通过对硅烷着火的研究和事故分析表明 ,硅烷的危险特性在于它与氧反应的极强活性 :自燃 ,着火下限低 ,燃烧能量大。由于硅烷的自燃特性 ,对它的安全防范 ,与一般的易燃易爆物质相比 ,除一些共同点之外 ,还有显著的不同之处。在操作中必须预防高浓度硅烷与氧接触发生自燃着火。同时还必须防止硅烷泄漏在有限的空间内与氧混合 ,形成不稳定爆炸性气团。笔者综合分析和研讨了硅烷着火和爆炸的最新进展和成果 ,在实践经验和分析典型硅烷事故的基础上 ,提出了处理和使用硅烷的安全操作要点。     

灰色聚类法对太湖地区农村地下水水质的评价

以太湖流域典型水稻种植地区-宜兴、常熟王庄和辛庄9月份农村地下水水质为研究对象,分析了地下水样的硝态氮、铵态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数、硫酸盐、氯化物、总硬度等常规项目,确定硝态氮、铵态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数为该地区地下水的主要污染因子.运用灰色聚类法对地下水水质现状进行了评价.结果表明:太湖地区农村地下水普遍受到了污染,仅有10%的地下水水质勉强达到Ⅲ类水标准;80%的地下水达到Ⅳ类或劣Ⅳ类水标准;10%的地下水达Ⅴ类水标准,已不适合饮用.地下水中的主要超标项目是铵态氮、亚硝态氮和高锰酸钾指数,其中铵态氮和亚硝态氮超标十分严重.宜兴地区铵态氮和亚硝态氮污染最严重;个别监测点地下水中硝态氮含量较高,超过世界卫生组织规定的生活饮用水硝态氮质量浓度10 mg/L的上限.总硬度、硫酸盐、氯化物、砷和硒的含量较正常,但是发展趋势值得关注.     

典型水稻土中硝态氮垂直穿透状况及模拟

硝态氮(NO3--N)不但可以污染地下水,也会造成河流和湖泊的富营养化.用穿透曲线(BTCs)描述室内土柱模拟的NO3--N在太湖地区3种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中的垂直穿透状况并用Hydrus-1D模型对实验结果进行了拟合.结果表明,3种水稻土中NO3--N穿透土壤各土层所用的平均时间按从长到短的顺序为:黄泥土、乌栅土、白土,而峰值大小则正好相反,从大到小依次为:白土、乌栅土、黄泥土.因此,在白土样区过量施用氮肥最容易对水体造成污染.3种水稻土中NO3--N的穿透曲线都呈不对称分布,曲线尾部均存在一定的拖尾现象.通过对NO3--N穿透土壤的影响因素的分析可知,土壤容重和粘粒含量是影响NO3--N穿透的主要因素,土壤容重越大或粘粒含量越高,穿透所需的总时间就越长,峰值就越低且拖尾现象越严重;有机质含量对其也有一定的影响.用Hydrus-1D模型对实验结果进行模拟,所得的穿透曲线的模拟值与实测值均呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数都在0.9以上.同时,在模拟过程中还得到了土壤饱和导水率和NO3--N的垂直扩散率等难以实测的参数,说明利用Hydrus-1D模型不但可以准确地预测NO3--N在研究区土壤中的运移状况,也可以推算出该地区水分和养分运移的参数.     

汶川地震后主要农业环境污染事故分析与防治

农业环境污染事故威胁着农产品产量和质量。文章结合四川汶川县地震后的实际情况与多起农业环境污染事故处理经验,分析了地震后震区可能出现农业环境污染事故的类型、途径以及危害,提出了相应的预防和处理的建议与对策,为灾区应急处理以及灾后重建规划与实施等方面提供参考。     

An integrated strategy for sustainable forest-energy-environment interactions in Nigeria

The Nigerian forests have been subjected to unguarded exploitation over the years. Although there is overwhelming empirical evidence, which show that Nigeria's forest, may soon vanish, available statistics have shown its increasing importance in the energy sector. With increasing population come the attendant demands on the biotic environment through increased land clearing, deforestation, devegetation, decertification, with attendant soil erosion, flooding, sand dune formation, and changes in the micro-climate with consequent loss of biological productivity and associated socio-economic and socio-political problems in the country. There is therefore the need to adopt measures that will shift the attention of the Nigerian populace from the forest to satisfy their energy needs. However, such measures that will address the challenges confronting the forestry, forest-based energy systems and the environment should be consistent with the development needs, resources and priorities of the nation. Hence, for sustainable forest-energy-environment interactions, a holistic and integrated strategy that can be adopted to minimise the observed forest depletion must take cognisance of options from various land use practices, energy and forest sectors. The focus of this paper is on a strategy of options from both the energy and forest sectors. Based on the socio-economic, socio-political and environmental analyses of various options from the energy and forest sectors, the philosophy behind the mosaic approach to sustainable development has been considered in developing the proposed strategy. Policy measures to implement this strategy of options in the national development programs are also suggested.     

Towards global climate change mitigation: assessment of an afforestation option for Nigeria

This paper assesses the potential of an intensive afforestation program as a measure of reducing the atmospheric concentration of carbon in Nigeria. The results presented are based on the recently completed Nigerian Country Studies Program on Climate Change Mitigation. A comprehensive mitigation analysis process (COMAP) model was employed to carry out detailed cost/benefit evaluation of the mitigation option. The end-use based scenario adopted was considered the most appropriate strategy to sustainably implement the mitigation option in Nigeria.The analyses showed that the country could significantly reduce net carbon emission while at the same time meet all her essential domestic wood needs, if approximately 7.5×10⁶ ha of wasteland could be committed to an afforestation program over the 40 year period of projection. The initial cost of establishing such forest plantations, taking cognisance of the opportunity cost of land averaged at about US$500/ha, or in carbon terms, a unit cost of about $13 per tonne of carbon. In terms of carbon flow, if all the end-product based plantations considered (i.e. fuelwood, poles, pulpwood, sawlogs and veneer) were fully established and maintained, it was estimated that by the year 2030, the total carbon stored in the afforested land would be about 638.0×10⁶ t of carbon with an annual incremental rate of 16.0×10⁶ t of carbon. Other economic indicators (i.e. net present value of benefits, present value of costs and benefit for reduced atmospheric carbon) when evaluated showed that the afforestation option could be economically viable even when the investment capital was discounted at rates ranging from 9 to 33 percent for different wood products. It should be noted, however that implementation of such a program would require huge sums of money and a high degree of commitment on the part of Federal, State and Local governments if the associated financial, social and environmental benefits were to be derived.     

中亚热带森林土壤呼吸日变化及其与土壤温湿度的关系

森林土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的重要组成部分,其动态变化对全球碳平衡有着重要的影响。目前对中亚热带森林土壤呼吸的研究还比较薄弱。本次研究采用Li-8100采集土壤呼吸速率,同时测定土壤0-10 cm土壤含水量和15 cm处的土壤温度。通过分析所测数据研究井冈山国家级自然保护区中亚热带森林生态系统主要森林类型生长季土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征,并分析土壤温湿度与土壤呼吸的相关关系。结果表明,①各个森林类型的土壤呼吸作用在白天比较活跃,夜晚波动很小。峰值一般出现在10：00到14：00之间。日土壤呼吸强度曲线基本遵循倒U型。②阔叶林（优势种：甜槠Castanopsis eyrei（Champ.）Tutch）、针叶林（优势种：台湾松Pinus taiwanensis）、混交林（优势种：银木荷Schima argenteaPritz.和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook）和竹林（优势种：毛竹Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.Pubescens）的土壤呼吸范围依次为：2.1~5.3、2.19~4.02、1.27~4.23、1.8~6.35μmol·m-2·s-1。混交林的平均土壤呼吸值远小于其他三种林,但其土壤温度相对较低,土壤温湿度的浮动范围较小。竹林和阔叶林虽然土壤呼吸均值较高,但其浮动范围较大,受环境影响较大,土壤温湿度变化较低。③用Excel和Sigmaplot软件统计分析4种林型的土壤呼吸数据,研究结果表明,阔叶林土壤呼吸和土壤温度相关性不显著;针叶林林型土壤体积含水量为25.02%是影响土壤呼吸速率的分界点;混交林林型土壤呼吸和温度存在倒U关系,会随着土壤体积含水量升高而降低;竹林的土壤呼吸速率也随着土壤体积含水量的增加而降低。总而言之,可能由于降雨量过大造成土壤孔隙度变小,进而影响了土壤呼吸作用的活跃度导致各个森林类型的土壤呼吸作用与土壤温湿度的相关性不大。     

烟气脱硫液中共存离子对汞稳定化的影响

利用湿法烟气脱硫技术(Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization,WFGD)同步除汞被认为是最经济的燃煤烟气脱汞方式,但进入脱硫液的Hg~(2+)易被还原并再次释放进入大气,造成二次污染.针对这一问题,本研究选择了常用的Na2S、三巯基均三嗪三钠盐(TMT)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTC)等系列重捕剂,考察了投加量对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响,并筛选出了去除效果较好的3种类型重捕剂,探究了脱硫液中主要的阴阳离子(SO_2-4、NO-3、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))及重金属离子等共存离子对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响.结果表明:Na2S、TMT类重捕剂TMT-18和DTC类重捕剂DTCR-2的去除效果相对较好;SO_2-4、NO-3会抑制TMT-18和Na2S对Hg~(2+)的去除,对DTCR-2稍有促进作用;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对TMT-18去除Hg~(2+)有促进作用,而对Na2S有抑制作用;重金属离子会抑制重捕剂对Hg~(2+)的去除效果,Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对Hg~(2+)螯合去除效果的影响较Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)要大,随着Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,DTCR-2对Hg~(2+)的去除显著降低,Cu~(2+)浓度的影响尤为显著.本研究可为解决Hg~(2+)在脱硫液中的还原再释放及二次污染问题,同时也为湿法烟气脱硫同时脱汞的工业应用提供理论依据.     

不同层级环境应急救援资源储备体系建设探索——以安庆市粗苯泄漏事件为例

以安庆市粗苯泄漏事件为例,分析了事件特点及应急处置过程中存在的主要问题,阐述了环境应急救援资源储备体系在环境应急管理中的重要作用,从应急物资储备网络建设、应急救援装备储备网络建设和环境应急救援信息库建设3个方面探索了不同层级应急救援资源储备体系建设的重点内容,为环境应急救援资源储备体系建设提供参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中铬酸雾

采用石墨炉原子吸收法对空气中铬酸雾进行测定,方法在待测液中铬质量浓度为1~10μg/L范围内线性良好,r=0.999 6,检出限为0.001 mg/m~3,测定结果的相对标准差为1.64%~4.53%,样品加标回收率为91.0%~95.4%,且用该方法与《固定污染源排气中铬酸雾的测定二苯基碳酰二肼分光光度法》(HJ/T 29—1999)分别测定实际样品中铬的质量浓度,结果无明显差异。