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1.
Mark Dougherty Randel L. Dymond Thomas J. Grizzard Adil N. Godrej Carl E. Zipper John Randolph Christine M. Anderson‐Cook 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(5):1405-1419
ABSTRACT: Long term effects of precipitation and land use/land cover on basin outflow and nonpoint source (NFS) pollutant flux are presented for up to 24 years for a rapidly developing headwater basin and three adjacent headwater basins on the urban fringe of Washington, D.C. Regression models are developed to describe the annual and seasonal responses of basin outflow and IMPS pollutant flux to precipitation, mean impervious surface (IS), and land use. To quantify annual change in mean IS, a variable called delta IS is created as a temporal indicator of urban soil disturbance. Hydrologic models indicate that total annual surface outflow is significantly associated with precipitation and mean IS (r2= 0.65). Seasonal hydrologic models reveal that basin outflow is positively associated with IS during the summer and fall growing season (June to November). NPS pollutant flux models indicate that total and storm total suspended solids (TSS) flux are significantly associated with precipitation and urban soil disturbance in all seasons. Annual NPS total nitrogen flux is significantly associated with both urban and agricultural soil disturbance (r2= 0.51). Seasonal models of phosphorus flux indicate a significant association of total phosphorus flux with urban soil disturbance during the growing season. Total soluble phosphorus (TSP) flux is significantly associated with IS (r2= 0.34) and urban and agricultural soil disturbance (r2= 0.58). In urbanizing Cub Run basin, annual TSP concentrations are significantly associated with IS and cultivated agriculture (r2= 0.51). 相似文献
2.
Christopher W. Fields-Johnson James A. Burger Daniel M. Evans Carl E. Zipper 《Environmental management》2014,53(6):1059-1065
There is renewed interest in re-establishing trees on 0.6 million ha of mining-disturbed lands in the Appalachian mountains of Eastern United States. Many coal-mined lands reclaimed to meet requirements of US federal law have thick herbaceous vegetation and compacted soils which impede tree establishment. Mitigation practices were applied on three mine sites and evaluated for success in enabling planted trees to become established. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), hybrid poplar (Populus deltoids × Populus trichocarpa), and mixed Appalachian hardwoods were established using weed control only and weed control with subsoil ripping. Trees were measured in October of 2008 after 5 years of growth. Subsoil ripping increased mixed hardwood survival from 43 to 71 %, hybrid poplar biomass index from 1.51 to 8.97 Mg ha?1, and Eastern white pine biomass index from 0.10 to 0.32 Mg ha?1. When restoring trees to unused mined sites, subsoil ripping can aid survival and growth to an extent that will result in a valuable forest. 相似文献
3.
Evanylo GK Abaye AO Dundas C Zipper CE Lemus R Sukkariyah B Rockett J 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(5):1811-1819
The selection of plant species is critical for the successful establishment and long-term maintenance of vegetation on reclaimed surface mined soils. A study was conducted to assess the capability of 16 forage grass and legume species in monocultures and mixes to establish and thrive on a reclaimed Appalachian surface mine amended with biosolids. The 0.15-ha coarse-textured, rocky, non-acid forming mined site was prepared for planting by grading to a 2% slope and amending sandstone overburden materials with a mixture of composted and dewatered, anaerobically digested biosolids at a rate of 368 Mg ha(-1) (dry weight). Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa caucasia L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), common sericea lespedeza and AULotan sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata L.), tall fescue-ladino clover, tall fescue-alfalfa, orchardgrass-birdsfoot trefoil, switchgrass-AULotan, and an herbaceous species mix intended for planting on reforested sites consisting of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), redtop (Agrostis alba L.), kobe lespedeza (Kummerowia striata L.), appalow lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata L.), and birdsfoot trefoil were established between spring 1990 and 1991. Vegetative biomass and/or persistence were assessed in 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The high rate of biosolids applied provided favorable soil chemical properties but could not overcome physical property limitations due to shallow undeveloped soil perched atop a compacted soil layer at 25 cm depth. The plant species whose persistence and biomass production were the greatest after a decade or more of establishment (i.e., switchgrass, sericea lespedeza, reed canarygrass, tall fescue, and crownvetch) shared the physiological and reproductive characteristics of low fertility requirements, drought and moisture tolerance, and propagation by rhizome and/or stolons. Of these five species, two (tall fescue and sericea lespedeza) are or have been seeded commonly on Appalachian coal surface mines, and often dominate abandoned pasture sites. Despite the high rates of heavy metal-bearing biosolids applied to the soil, plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were well within critical concentrations more than a decade after establishment of the vegetation. 相似文献
4.
Coal-Mine Hollow Fill and Settling Pond Influences on Headwater Streams in Southern West Virginia, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Merricks TC Cherry DS Zipper CE Currie RJ Valenti TW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,129(1-3):359-378
The influences of coal-mine hollow fills and associated settling ponds in three headwater streams were assessed in southern
West Virginia, USA. Fill drainage waters had elevated conductivities and metal concentrations, compared to a regional reference.
Benthic macroinvertebrate richness was not affected consistently by the hollow fill drainages, relative to a regional reference,
although a more tolerant community, lacking in Ephemeroptera taxa at most locations, was evident. Collector-filterer populations were elevated at monitoring stations directly below the
settling ponds, indicating that the ponds’ presence influenced macroinvertebrate community structure by means of organic enrichment.
Corbicula fluminea growth was enhanced in monitoring locations directly below the settling ponds, also an apparent result of organic enrichment.
Results of acute water column toxicity testing with Ceriodaphnia dubia, sediment chronic toxicity testing with Daphnia magna, and in-situ ecotoxicological assessments with C. fluminea demonstrated no mortality or toxic influence at most of the sites tested below the ponds. The settling ponds appear to serve
as sinks in collecting some, but not all, trace metals. 相似文献
5.
Changes in forest and agricultural land management practices have the potential to increase carbon (C) storage by terrestrial
systems, thus offsetting C emissions to the atmosphere from energy production. This study assesses that potential for three
terrestrial management practices within the state of Virginia, USA: afforestation of marginal agricultural lands; afforestation
of riparian agricultural lands; and changing tillage practices for row crops; each was evaluated on a statewide basis and
for seven regions within the state. Lands eligible for each practice were identified, and the C storage potential of each
practice on those lands was estimated through a modeling procedure that utilized land-resource characteristics represented
in Geographic Information System databases. Marginal agricultural lands’ afforestation was found to have the greatest potential
(1.4 Tg C yr−1, on average, over the first 20 years) if applied on all eligible lands, followed by riparian afforestation (0.2 Tg C yr−1 over 20 years) and tillage conversion (0.1 Tg C yr−1 over 14 years). The regions with the largest potentials are the Ridge and Valley of western Virginia (due to extensive areas
of steep, shallow soils) and in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain in eastern Virginia (wet soils). Although widespread and rapid
implementation of the three modeled practices could be expected to offset only about 3.4% of Virginia’s energy-related CO2 emissions over the following 20 years (equivalent to about 8.5% of a Kyoto Treaty–based target), they could contribute to
achievement of C-management goals if implemented along with other mitigation measures. 相似文献
6.
Restoring Forests and Associated Ecosystem Services on Appalachian Coal Surface Mines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zipper CE Burger JA Skousen JG Angel PN Barton CD Davis V Franklin JA 《Environmental management》2011,47(5):751-765
Surface coal mining in Appalachia has caused extensive replacement of forest with non-forested land cover, much of which is
unmanaged and unproductive. Although forested ecosystems are valued by society for both marketable products and ecosystem
services, forests have not been restored on most Appalachian mined lands because traditional reclamation practices, encouraged
by regulatory policies, created conditions poorly suited for reforestation. Reclamation scientists have studied productive
forests growing on older mine sites, established forest vegetation experimentally on recent mines, and identified mine reclamation
practices that encourage forest vegetation re-establishment. Based on these findings, they developed a Forestry Reclamation
Approach (FRA) that can be employed by coal mining firms to restore forest vegetation. Scientists and mine regulators, working
collaboratively, have communicated the FRA to the coal industry and to regulatory enforcement personnel. Today, the FRA is
used routinely by many coal mining firms, and thousands of mined hectares have been reclaimed to restore productive mine soils
and planted with native forest trees. Reclamation of coal mines using the FRA is expected to restore these lands’ capabilities
to provide forest-based ecosystem services, such as wood production, atmospheric carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, watershed
protection, and water quality protection to a greater extent than conventional reclamation practices. 相似文献
7.
Carl E. Zipper Braven Beaty Gregory C. Johnson Jess W. Jones Jennifer Lynn Krstolic Brett J.K. Ostby William J. Wolfe Patricia Donovan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(4):807-819
The Clinch River of southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee is arguably the most important river for freshwater mussel conservation in the United States. This featured collection presents investigations of mussel population status and habitat quality in the Clinch River. Analyses of historic water‐ and sediment‐quality data suggest that water column ammonia and water column and sediment metals, including Cu and Zn, may have contributed historically to declining densities and extirpations of mussels in the river's Virginia sections. These studies also reveal increasing temporal trends for dissolved solids concentrations throughout much of the river's extent. Current mussel abundance patterns do not correspond spatially with physical habitat quality, but they do correspond with specific conductance, dissolved major ions, and water column metals, suggesting these and/or associated constituents as factors contributing to mussel declines. Mussels are sensitive to metals. Native mussels and hatchery‐raised mussels held in cages in situ accumulated metals in their body tissues in river sections where mussels are declining. Organic compound and bed‐sediment contaminant analyses did not reveal spatial correspondences with mussel status metrics, although potentially toxic levels were found. Collectively, these studies identify major ions and metals as water‐ and sediment‐quality concerns for mussel conservation in the Clinch River. 相似文献
8.
Simon ML Cherry DS Currie RJ Zipper CE 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2559-2574
The Ely Creek watershed (Lee County, VA) was determined in 1995 to be the most negatively affected by acid mine drainage (AMD)
within the Virginia coalfield. This determination led the US Army Corps of Engineers to design and build passive wetland remediation
systems at two major AMD seeps affecting Ely Creek. This study was undertaken to determine if ecological recovery had occurred
in Ely Creek. The results indicate that remediation had a positive effect on all monitoring sites downstream of the remediated
AMD seeps. At the site most impacted by AMD, mean pH was 2.93 prior to remediation and improved to 7.14 in 2004. Benthic macroinvertebrate
surveys revealed that one AMD influenced site had increased taxa richness from zero taxa in 1997 to 24 in 2004. While in situ testing of Asian clams resulted in zero survival at five of seven AMD influenced sites prior to remediation, some clams survived
at all sites after. Clam survival was found to be significantly less than upstream references at only two sites, both downstream
of un-mitigated AMD seeps in 2004. An ecotoxicological rating (ETR) system that combined ten biotic and abiotic parameters
was developed as an indicator of the ecological status for each study site. A comparison of ETRs from before and after remediation
demonstrated that all sites downstream of the remediation had experienced some level of recovery. Although the remediation
has improved the ecological health of Ely Creek, un-mitigated AMD discharges are still negatively impacting the watershed. 相似文献
9.
Carl E. Zipper Leonard Gilroy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):829-837
ABSTRACT The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA90) established a national program to control sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from electricity generation. CAAA90's market-based approach includes trading and banking of Soumissions allowances. We analyzed data describing electric utility SO2 emissions in 1995, the first year of the program's Phase I, and market effects over the 1990-1995 period. Fuel switching and flue-gas desulfurization were the dominant means used in 1995 by targeted generators to reduce emissions to 51% of 1990 levels. Flue-gas desulfur-ization costs, emissions allowance prices, low-sulfur coal prices, and average sulfur contents of coals shipped to electric utilities declined over the 1990-1995 period. Projections indicate that 13-15 million allowances will have been banked during the program's Phase I, which ends in 1999, a quantity expected to last through the first decade of the program's stricter Phase II controls. In 1995, both allowance prices and SO2 emissions were below pre-CAAA90 expectations. The reduction of SO2 emissions beyond pre-CAAA90 expectations, combined with lower-than-expected allowance prices and declining compliance costs, can be viewed as a success for market-based environmental controls. 相似文献
10.
Daniel M. Evans Carl E. Zipper Patricia F. Donovan W. Lee Daniels 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(6):1449-1460
Anthropogenic salinization of freshwaters is a global concern. Coal surface mining causes release of dissolved sulfate, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and other ions to surface waters in central Appalachia, USA, through practices that include mine rock disposal in valley fills (VFs). This region's surface waters naturally have low salinity, with specific conductance (SC, a salinity indicator) generally <200 μS/cm, and aquatic impacts have been found when SC exceeds the 300 to 500 μS/cm range. We analyzed SC in waters emerging from 137 VFs over periods of 1 to 23 years. Mean SCs for these VFs ranged from 227 to 2,866 μS/cm, generally rose during and immediately following construction, but often declined during latter portions of longer monitoring records. Seventy‐four of 103 VFs with postconstruction data had SC trends that fit negative quadratic forms. Of the 16 revegetated VFs with at least five years of SC data past the quadratic maximum, the mean quadratic maximum was 1,464 (±696) μS/cm and the model projected time required to approach natural conditions (by declining to <500 μS/cm) was 19.6 (±6.6) years after VF construction initiation, indicating long‐lasting but not permanent aquatic impacts due to elevated (>500 μS/cm) SC. 相似文献