地下水超采综合治理的农户评价、原因分析与改进建议

通过在河北省衡水市的实地调研,从农户评价、原因分析、改进建议三个方面对5大类22项地下水超采治理措施进行了研究。农户评价结果表明:农户比较清楚水利工程建设、种植结构调整、农艺节水技术这三类措施,比较不清楚农业水权水价改革、服务体系建设这两类措施;农户对水利工程建设、种植结构调整这两类措施的评价为较好,对农艺节水技术、服务体系建设这两类措施的评价为一般,对农业水权水价改革这类措施的评价为较差。原因分析结果表明:与农业生产的相关性越直接紧密,农户越清楚该治理措施,节水机制越直接明确、农户参与动机越强,农户对该治理措施的评价越好。因此,在制定地下水超采治理措施时,应当设计直接且明确的节水机制,充分考虑农民的参与动机和保障农民的利益,以及加大对与农业生产相关性弱的治理措施的宣传。改进地下水超采治理,需要遵循综合施策的思想,采取分类改进的策略,改进建议如下:(1)需要加强水利设施的维修和管护,避免出现重建设、轻管护的情形,需要综合考虑引水指标、蓄水能力、季节性、恢复渠灌面积等因素来评估水利工程建设未来的压采潜力。(2)应当基于水资源承载力评估耕地休耕的潜力和规模,在现阶段粮食相对充裕的背景下,建议在地下水严重超采区进一步扩大休耕规模,完善补偿机制和加大财政投入力度。(3)需要反思和调整现有的农业水权水价政策,在中国特定国情条件下,不提倡农业用水确权过细,不提倡农户之间的水权交易。农业水价发挥作用面临较多障碍,应当先期解决农业用水计量困难、农业水费征缴困难两大基础性难题。(4)应当改变农户对减少灌溉的减产预期,引导农户科学、适量灌溉,同时增加农户迫切需求的技术服务的供给。     

杭州:以绿色创建拓展环境教育平台

正绿色创建系列工程为环保理念的传播和实践进学校、进家庭、进企业、进社区提供了有效的载体,为各个单位、部门直接参与和广大市民亲身体验环境保护提供了良好的平台。要绿水青山,还是要金山银山?这在杭州,从来都不是一道非此即彼的选择题。多年来,杭州市一直把保护环境放在突出位置,自2000年就开展的绿色创建活动,引领着杭州市生产生活的绿色化潮流。2003年启动的生态市建设工作中,以绿色学校、环境教育基地、绿色医院等为重点的"绿色     

外加电势强化厌氧氨氧化工艺处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液短程硝化出水

利用外加电势强化厌氧氨氧化处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液短程硝化出水,研究外加电势对系统脱氮及有机物去除的影响。结果表明,在外加电势为0.06 V时,TN的去除率由43.2%提升至71.3%,COD的去除率由12.1%提升至24.4%。渗沥液中分子质量大于20 kDa的有机物在外加电势的作用下被部分降解成分子质量相对较小的有机物。外加电势也会刺激微生物产生更多的EPS且能提高其中PN/PS的比值,这有利于厌氧氨氧化菌在电极表面的生长和富集,增强微生物的活性。电极生物膜中细胞色素c(Cyt-c)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nir)、肼合成酶(HZS)和肼脱氢酶(HDH)4种厌氧氨氧化菌的功能酶的活性也在外加电势的作用下得到了提升。     

“艰辛历程——防灾减灾巡礼”摄影大赛作品选

~~“艰辛历程——防灾减灾巡礼”摄影大赛作品选@余敏恩$福建省泉州市地震局!退休干部 @王忠喜$沈阳市消防局~~     

Heavy metal accumulation in Littoraria scabra along polluted and pristine mangrove areas of Tanzania

The periwinkle Littoraria scabra was collected at polluted and pristine mangrove sites along the Tanzanian coastline, including Msimbazi, Mbweni (i.e. Dar es Salaam) and Kisakasaka, Nyamanzi and Maruhubi (i.e. Zanzibar). Periwinkles were morphologically characterized, sexed and their heavy metal content was determined using ICP-MS. Analysis revealed that L. scabra from polluted areas contained higher soft tissue heavy metal levels, were significantly smaller and weighed less compared to their conspecifics from the unpolluted mangroves. The current morphological observations may be explained in terms of growth and/or mortality rate differences between the polluted and non-polluted sites. Although a variety of stressors may account for these adverse morphological patterns, our data suggest a close relationship with the soft tissue heavy metal content. Compared to soft tissue heavy metal levels that were measured in L. scabra along the same area in 1998, most metals, except for arsenic, chromium and iron have decreased dramatically.     

Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes

A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.     

Pre-concentration and separation of heavy metal ions by chemically modified waste paper gel

Iminodiacetic acid was immobilized on waste paper by chemical modification in order to develop a new type of adsorption gel for heavy metal ions. Adsorption behavior of the gel was investigated for a number of metal ions, specifically Cu(II), Pb(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Co(II) at acidic pH. From batch adsorption tests, the order of selectivity was found to be as follows: Cu(II)  Fe(III) > Pb(II) > Ni(II)  Co(II) > Cd(II). Column tests were carried out for pairs of metal ions to understand the separation and pre-concentration behavior of the gel. It was found that mutual separation of Ni(II) from Co(II) and that of Pb(II) from Cd(II) can be achieved at pH 3. Similarly, selective separation of Cu(II) from Cu(II)–Fe(III) and Cu(II)–Pb(II) mixtures at pH 1.5 and 2, respectively, was observed by using this new adsorption gel. In all cases, almost complete recovery of the adsorbed metal was confirmed by elution tests with HCl.     

Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron

A cost-effective method with zero valent iron (ZVI) powder was developed for the purification of thiobencarb (TB)-contaminated water. The removal treatment was performed in the batch system. A sample solution of 10 ml containing 10 microg ml(-1) of TB could be almost completely treated by 100mg of ZVI at 25 degrees C for 12h of treatment time. Since the formation of chloride ion in the aqueous solution during the treatment of TB was observed, the removal of TB with ZVI may contain two processes: reduction (degradation) and adsorption. Because the present treatment for TB is simple, easy handling and cheap, the developed technology with ZVI can contribute to the treatment of agricultural wastewaters.     

Distribution of elements in needles of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) was uneven and affected by needle age

Macronutrients (P, S, K, Na, Mg, Ca), heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd,) and Al concentrations as well as values of Ca/Al in the tip, middle and base sections, and sheaths of current year and previous year needles of Pinus massoniana from Xiqiao Mountain were analyzed and the distribution patterns of those elements were compared. The results indicated that many elements were unevenly distributed among the different components of needles. Possible deficiency of P, K, Ca, Mn and Al toxicity occurred in needles under air pollution. Heavy metals may threaten the health of Masson pine. Needle sheaths were good places to look for particulate pollutants, in this case including Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Al.     

Images of war: using satellite images for human rights monitoring in Turkish Kurdistan

In areas of war and armed conflict it is difficult to get trustworthy and coherent information. Civil society and human rights groups often face problems of dealing with fragmented witness reports, disinformation of war propaganda, and difficult direct access to these areas. Turkish Kurdistan was used as a case study of armed conflict to evaluate the potential use of satellite images for verification of witness reports collected by human rights groups. The Turkish army was reported to be burning forests, fields and villages as a strategy in the conflict against guerrilla uprising. This paper concludes that satellite images are useful to validate witness reports of forest fires. Even though the use of this technology for human rights groups will depend on some feasibility factors such as prices, access and expertise, the images proved to be key for analysis of spatial aspects of conflict and valuable for reconstructing a more trustworthy picture.