Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

基于层次分析法的古村落旅游资源评价——以世界遗产地西递、宏村为例

以世界遗产地皖南古村落——西递、宏村为研究区域,从研究区域的资源价值和区位条件两个方面,选取了5个Ⅰ级指标：历史文化价值、科学价值、艺术价值、区域规模、交通便利程度,12个Ⅱ级指标：年代久远程度、民俗代表性、历史事件名人影响度、科学考察、科普教育、完整性、典型性、观赏性、地域组合、环境容量、通达性与服务中心距离,建立评价指标体系,并结合YAAHP软件对该指标体系进行层次分析,得出了各指标的相对权重。结果表明,西递、宏村的历史文化价值与艺术价值在其旅游资源评价中具有重要地位。在此基础上对其进行了分析并提出了相应的保护措施和对策,以期达到对西递、宏村旅游资源合理保护与开发的目的。     

固定床中粒状脱硫剂除尘效率的研究

建立了非稳态过滤下的固定床颗粒层除尘效率模型.该模型尽可能地包含了影响固定床颗粒层除尘的参数,反映了沉积粉尘对除尘效率的影响；研究了以粒状脱硫剂为滤料的固定床在不同颗粒层厚度、空床气速、粒径下的除尘效率.结果表明,在颗粒层厚度为400～800 cm、空床气速≤0.4 m/s的条件下,颗粒层的除尘效率可达90％以上.     

Optimization of the high-pressure, near-critical liquid-based microsortation of recyclable post-consumer plastics

High-pressure, near-critical liquids were used as float-sink separation media for the microsortation of polyolefin mixtures and PET/PVC mixtures. Near-critical carbon dioxide was used for the refinement of the polyolefins, and sulfur hexafluoride was used to separate post-consumer PVC from PET. Preliminary experiments indicated that there was no overlap in the density ranges of post-consumer HDPE, LDPE and PP containers. There was no overlap in the PET and PVC densities, with the exception of a single PVC packaging material with a density in the PET range. These initial results indicated that a float-sink separation was a viable means of microsortation. Separations of 91% LDPE (1/8′ beads)/9% PP (1/8′ chopped strands) resin mixtures and mixed post-consumer polyolefin flakes were then conducted in a laboratory-scale, 1-I batch apparatus. This apparatus not only permitted the observation of the separation, but also enabled the separated fractions to be removed from the high-pressure environment. The results indicated that LDPE purity of greater than 98.9% was obtained in 3 min or less if (a) the fluid density was 0.018 g/cm³ greater than the PP density and only 0.002 g/cm³ less than the LDPE density, thereby providing the greatest buoyancy force for the removal of the PP, (b) the fluid was recirculated upward through the bed of mixed plastics, facilitating the upward movement of the PP, and (c) the loading was kept at levels below 40% by volume. HDPE purity of 99% was also attained with clean, dry, post-consumer mixed plastic flakes. The loadings for these separations were very low, however, due to the difficulty in agitating the mixed bed of plastics using fluid recirculation. An economic analysis of these microsortation processes indicated that the value of the sorted plastics relative to the mixed feed must increase by approx. $0.08/lb for the CO₂-based separation and approx. $0.27/lb for the SF₆-based separation to justify the implementation of these high-pressure processes.     

广东货船水运的温室气体排放和低碳发展对策

作为我国港口大省和低碳试点省,广东需先行测算船舶水运的GHG(温室气体)排放量基线,以探究低碳水运对策. 通过文献调研收集适用数据和资料,基于引擎功率法,测算了广东抵港货船在2010年的GHG排放量. 结果表明:广东专属经济区海域内货船水运的GHG总排放量为2887×104t,不确定性在-36%~45%之间,其中在领海区域内的排放量为730×104t;远洋集装箱船是GHG最大排放源,占总排放量的43%;集装箱船、干散货船、油轮和其他货船的GHG排放量不确定性均介于-30%~50%之间,远洋货船的主引擎在正常航行模式下输出功率是最主要的不确定性源. 基于分析船舶水运的GHG排放特征,提出船舶减速、向远洋货船供应岸电和内河货船主引擎转用天然气共3项低碳节能措施,共可减排40%的GHG排放量.该研究结果不仅为广东低碳水运发展提供基础性的GHG排放数据,也可为其他港口地区提供估算水运业GHG排放量的技术方法参考和实践经验.      

Linking fruit traits to variation in predispersal vertebrate seed predation, insect seed predation, and pathogen attack

The importance of vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens for plant communities has long been recognized, but their absolute and relative importance in early recruitment of multiple coexisting tropical plant species has not been quantified. Further, little is known about the relationship of fruit traits to seed mortality due to natural enemies in tropical plants. To investigate the influences of vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens on reproduction of seven canopy plant species varying in fruit traits, we quantified reductions in fruit development and seed germination due to vertebrates, invertebrates, and fungal pathogens through experimental removal of these enemies using canopy exclosures, insecticide, and fungicide, respectively. We also measured morphological fruit traits hypothesized to mediate interactions of plants with natural enemies of seeds. Vertebrates, invertebrates, and fungi differentially affected predispersal seed mortality depending on the plant species. Fruit morphology explained some variation among species; species with larger fruit and less physical protection surrounding seeds exhibited greater negative effects of fungi on fruit development and germination and experienced reduced seed survival integrated over fruit development and germination in response to vertebrates. Within species, variation in seed size also contributed to variation in natural enemy effects on seed viability. Further, seedling growth was higher for seeds that developed in vertebrate exclosures for Anacardium excelsum and under the fungicide treatment for Castilla elastica, suggesting that predispersal effects of natural enemies may carry through to the seedling stage. This is the first experimental test of the relative effects of vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens on seed survival in the canopy. This study motivates further investigation to determine the generality of our results for plant communities. If there is strong variation in natural enemy attack among species related to differences in fruit morphology, then quantification of fruit traits will aid in predicting the outcomes of interactions between plants and their natural enemies. This is particularly important in tropical forests, where high species diversity makes it logistically impossible to study every plant life history stage of every species.     

臭氧对活性污泥特性影响研究

探讨了臭氧对于污水生物处理中活性污泥特性的影响。结果显示 ,随着臭氧化的进行 ,促进了活性污泥生物量的减少 ,并有一定量的生物污泥被无机化 ,并且污泥的活性和存活性降低了。其中臭氧投加量低于 0 .1gO3 /gSS时污泥活性即大幅下降 ,而后污泥浓度才随着臭氧量的增加而显著降低。     

不同种植方式下伊乐藻生长对沉积物磷的影响

将伊乐藻以直接抛掷、直接扦插和断枝抛掷3种方式种植,测定其上覆水TP、DO、pH和沉积物中各形态磷。结果表明:(1)实验结束(120d)时,直接抛掷、直接扦插和断枝抛掷处理组的的生物量分别增加69.14、50.32、46.15g,从长期来看,直接抛掷最有利于伊乐藻生物量的增长。(2)实验结束时,直接抛掷、直接扦插和断枝抛掷处理组的沉积物中TP分别下降了8.90%、7.30%、5.40%;无机磷分别下降了11.80%、8.20%、6.60%;有机磷分别下降了7.47%、6.46%、2.65%;NaOH提取态磷分别下降了19.90%、17.20%、11.70%;HCl提取态磷分别下降了4.12%、3.47%、2.83%。直接抛掷种植伊乐藻对沉积物中各形态磷的去除效果最好。(3)上覆水TP与沉积物中各形态磷呈正相关,说明沉积物中的磷是上覆水中磷的重要来源;上覆水TP和沉积物各形态磷均与伊乐藻生物量呈负相关,说明伊乐藻可以有效去除上覆水和沉积物中的磷;DO和pH与生物量呈正相关,而与上覆水TP和沉积物各形态磷呈负相关,说明上覆水DO和pH主要受伊乐藻的影响。     

湖北省再生资源回收利用现状的调查研究与相关政策建议

通过对湖北省再生资源回收利用现状进行实地和问卷调查,描述了湖北省再生资源回收利用现状;分析存在的问题及成因;并提出了相应的改进措施与建议,促进再生资源行业的快速健康发展;为湖北省建设节约型社会加快发展循环经济提供依据。