青海省西宁市和天峻县大气颗粒物中有机氯农药和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平与分布

本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气颗粒物中有机氯农药(OCPs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的浓度水平.结果表明,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs主要为DDTs、HCHs.西宁市DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:35 pg·m-3、5.9 pg·m-3(夏季)和93 pg·m-3、11 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:83pg·m-3、6.4 pg·m-3(夏季)和28 pg·m-3、6.7 pg·m-3(冬季).与亚洲其它地区相比,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs处于较低水平.西宁市大气颗粒物中DL-PCBs的平均水平分别为:0.52 pg·m-3(夏季),0.99 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县为:0.58 pg·m-3(夏季)、0.52 pg·m-3(冬季).西宁市夏、冬两季OCPs的平均水平均大于天峻县,而两地DL-PCBs的平均水平相当.本研究中高原地区DL-PCBs的分布特点及变化规律与极地地区的研究相比存在一定的相似性,而DDTs和HCHs则存在差异性.     

青海省西宁市与天峻县大气中得克隆与十溴联苯醚的水平与来源

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)与得克隆(DP)是两种常见的添加型卤代阻燃剂,被广泛应用于各种电子产品中.由于其普遍存在于多种环境介质中,现已成为一种广泛存在的污染物,可能会对人体及生态系统产生潜在的危害.本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气中BDE-209与DP的水平.结果表明,青海省西宁市夏、冬两季大气中BDE-209的平均水平分别为370 pg·m-3、470 pg·m-3,天峻县为220 pg·m-3、390 pg·m-3,与其他城市和地区相比,属于水平较高的地区.而西宁市大气中DP的平均水平为0.85 pg·m-3、0.25 pg·m-3,天峻县为0.24 pg·m-3、0.16 pg·m-3,西宁市水平高于天峻县,夏季水平高于冬季,与其他地区相比,青海省DP整体水平较低.西宁市与天峻县DP的同分异构体中,anti-DP所占比例分别是0.66±0.04与0.68±0.06,在时间与时空上的变化均不明显.青海省BDE-209与DP呈现弱的负相关性,说明两种污染物在青海省可能没有相同的本地源.     

中国固体废物进出口格局演化分析——以废纸为例

固体废物进出口是影响我国生态文明建设及区域可持续发展的重要因素,也是最近环境管理关注的焦点。为了认识我国固体废物的进出口形势和全球固体废物贸易的格局,本文以进口量最大的固体废物——废纸为例,系统总结梳理了近年来我国废纸进出口情况的演化,绘制了2016年国际废纸贸易的流向地图,从2015年以来的废物管理政策调整出发探讨未来废纸产业的发展和转变。研究发现:(1)作为主要的造纸原材料,我国废纸进口量从1996年的137万t增加到2016年的2850万t,增长了近20倍。(2)当前全球废纸贸易突出表现为发达国家出口、发展中国家进口的格局,我国作为最大的废纸进口国,进口约占全球总量55%的废纸,美国则为最大的废纸出口国,出口约占全球总量36%的废纸。(3)应对洋垃圾入境的挑战,未来我国应在进口管控、再生资源产业发展等多个方面继续加强政策的引导和调控作用,激励国内的再生资源市场,促使废纸利用企业调整产业布局,加快产业转型。     

Role of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Snow Leopard Conservation

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the rugged mountains in 12 countries of Central Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau. Due to poaching, decreased abundance of prey, and habitat degradation, it was listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1972. Current conservation strategies, including nature reserves and incentive programs, have limited capacities to protect snow leopards. We investigated the role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation in the Sanjiangyuan region in China's Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. From 2009 to 2011, we systematically surveyed snow leopards in the Sanjiangyuan region. We used the MaxEnt model to determine the relation of their presence to environmental variables (e.g., elevation, ruggedness) and to predict snow leopard distribution. Model results showed 89,602 km² of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan region, of which 7674 km² lay within Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve's core zones. We analyzed the spatial relation between snow leopard habitat and Buddhist monasteries and found that 46% of monasteries were located in snow leopard habitat and 90% were within 5 km of snow leopard habitat. The 336 monasteries in the Sanjiangyuan region could protect more snow leopard habitat (8342 km²) through social norms and active patrols than the nature reserve's core zones. We conducted 144 household interviews to identify local herders’ attitudes and behavior toward snow leopards and other wildlife. Most local herders claimed that they did not kill wildlife, and 42% said they did not kill wildlife because it was a sin in Buddhism. Our results indicate monasteries play an important role in snow leopard conservation. Monastery‐based snow leopard conservation could be extended to other Tibetan Buddhist regions that in total would encompass about 80% of the global range of snow leopards. Papel de los Monasterios Budistas Tibetanos en la Conservación del Leopardo de las Nieves