全文获取类型
收费全文 | 457篇 |
免费 | 21篇 |
国内免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 19篇 |
废物处理 | 13篇 |
环保管理 | 107篇 |
综合类 | 63篇 |
基础理论 | 129篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 108篇 |
评价与监测 | 33篇 |
社会与环境 | 22篇 |
灾害及防治 | 4篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 9篇 |
2018年 | 16篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 21篇 |
2015年 | 19篇 |
2014年 | 15篇 |
2013年 | 39篇 |
2012年 | 29篇 |
2011年 | 24篇 |
2010年 | 24篇 |
2009年 | 16篇 |
2008年 | 24篇 |
2007年 | 30篇 |
2006年 | 25篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 7篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 15篇 |
2001年 | 14篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1934年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有499条查询结果,搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
2.
Fishing‐gear restrictions and biomass gains for coral reef fishes in marine protected areas 下载免费PDF全文
Stuart J. Campbell Graham J. Edgar Rick D. Stuart‐Smith German Soler Amanda E. Bates 《Conservation biology》2018,32(2):401-410
Considerable empirical evidence supports recovery of reef fish populations with fishery closures. In countries where full exclusion of people from fishing may be perceived as inequitable, fishing‐gear restrictions on nonselective and destructive gears may offer socially relevant management alternatives to build recovery of fish biomass. Even so, few researchers have statistically compared the responses of tropical reef fisheries to alternative management strategies. We tested for the effects of fishery closures and fishing gear restrictions on tropical reef fish biomass at the community and family level. We conducted 1,396 underwater surveys at 617 unique sites across a spatial hierarchy within 22 global marine ecoregions that represented 5 realms. We compared total biomass across local fish assemblages and among 20 families of reef fishes inside marine protected areas (MPAs) with different fishing restrictions: no‐take, hook‐and‐line fishing only, several fishing gears allowed, and sites open to all fishing gears. We included a further category representing remote sites, where fishing pressure is low. As expected, full fishery closures, (i.e., no‐take zones) most benefited community‐ and family‐level fish biomass in comparison with restrictions on fishing gears and openly fished sites. Although biomass responses to fishery closures were highly variable across families, some fishery targets (e.g., Carcharhinidae and Lutjanidae) responded positively to multiple restrictions on fishing gears (i.e., where gears other than hook and line were not permitted). Remoteness also positively affected the response of community‐level fish biomass and many fish families. Our findings provide strong support for the role of fishing restrictions in building recovery of fish biomass and indicate important interactions among fishing‐gear types that affect biomass of a diverse set of reef fish families. 相似文献
3.
Regional Environmental Change - Agro-ecosystem energy profiles reveal energy flows into, within, and out of US Great Plains farm communities across 140 years. This study evaluates external... 相似文献
4.
Chad L. Hewitt Marnie L. Campbell Ronald E. Thresher Richard B. Martin Sue Boyd Brian F. Cohen David R. Currie Martin F. Gomon Michael J. Keough John A. Lewis Matthew M. Lockett Nicole Mays Matthew A. McArthur Tim D. O'Hara Gary C. B. Poore D. Jeff Ross Melissa J. Storey Jeanette E. Watson Robin S. Wilson 《Marine Biology》2004,144(1):183-202
Port Phillip Bay (PPB) is a large (1,930 km2), temperate embayment in southern Victoria, Australia. Extensive bay-wide surveys of PPB have occurred since 1840. In 1995/1996 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) undertook an intensive evaluation of the region with the aims of developing a comprehensive species list of native and introduced biota and contrasting previous bay-wide assessments with a current field survey in order to detect new incursions and discern alterations to native communities. Two methods were used to meet these aims: a re-evaluation of regional museum collections and published research in PPB to identify and determine the timing of introductions; and field surveys for benthic (infauna, epifauna and encrusting) organisms between September 1995 to March 1996. One hundred and sixty introduced (99) and cryptogenic (61) species were identified representing over 13% of the recorded species of PPB. As expected, the majority of these are concentrated around the shipping ports of Geelong and Melbourne. Invasions within PPB appear to be increasing, possibly due to an increase in modern shipping traffic and an increase in aquaculture (historically associated with incidental introductions); however the records of extensive biological surveys suggest that this may, in part, be an artefact of sampling effort. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere studies, PPB (and Southern Hemisphere introductions in general) have significantly different suites of successfully invading taxa. PPB is presented as one of the most invaded marine ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere.Communicated by M.S. Johnson, Crawley 相似文献
5.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the recent behaviour of the US zinc processing industry and the impact of US government policies on it. The first section of the paper is a discussion on the basic structure and conditions of the US zinc processing industry since 1950 and how they have changed. The discussion contains a general presentation of the US zinc market, a detailed look at the behaviour of individual primary zinc processing plants in the USA, Canada, Japan and Western Europe and an analysis of US government policies and their impacts on the US zinc industry. The second section of the paper is a discussion of the factors that have contributed to the decline in US zinc processing capacity and the type of government policy that should be followed in response. 相似文献
6.
Sewage sludge dumped at Garroch Head in the Firth of Clyde contains significant quantities of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (CBs). These compounds are lipophilic and resistant to degradation. They accumulate in the biota either from the water column or through the food chain, particularly in tissue with a high lipid content. Bottom dwelling fish, such as plaice, in the vicinity of the dump site will accumulate CBs from their environment. Eighteen of the 209 CBs were measured in plaice livers from the Garroch Head dump site and from Pladda, a site reasonably remote from the dump site but also in the Clyde, over a 7 year period prior to the cessation of dumping in December 1998. Concentrations of the congeners in the liver of fish caught at the dump site were, in general, higher than those in the liver of fish caught at Pladda. Concentrations in the plaice livers for the sum of 18 CBs ranged from 1611 to 8471 micrograms kg-1 lipid for Garroch Head samples and from 336.9 to 2635 micrograms kg-1 lipid for samples from Pladda. The data were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). Pattern analysis was undertaken by normalising to the recalcitrant CB 153. Livers from the dump site were found to have a higher proportion of the lower chlorinated CBs. CB patterns were similar at the Garroch Head dump site from year to year, but multivariate techniques showed that there were differences in pattern when normalised to CB 153. 相似文献
7.
The composition of precipitation is being monitored in collectors sited throughout the United Kingdom. In the first year, 1986, hydrogen ion, nitrate, ammonium and non-marine sulphate were measured in samples from 47 sites and annual mean concentrations determined. Spatial analysis based on Regionalized Variable Theory revealed autocorrelation in all four ions and reasonable bounded models were fitted to the sample variogram of all four. These were then used to estimate values of a fine mesh grid by simple kriging, and the estimates were then contoured. The estimation errors were similarly mapped, and both sets of maps are presented. The maps show that concentrations of these ions are greatest in eastern parts of the country, as expected from consideration of European emissions and weather patterns. For the first time estimation errors were also mapped and show how the network could be improved. 相似文献
8.
G.L. Feng J. Letey A.C. Chang M. Campbell Mathews 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2005,110(3-4):219-229
Large scale dairy operations are common. In many cases the manure is deposited on a paved surface and then removed with a flushing system, after which the solids are separated, the liquid stored in ponds, and eventually the liquid applied on adjacent crop land. Management of liquid manure to maximize the fertilizer value and minimize water quality degradation requires knowledge of the interactive effects of mineralization of organic N (ON) to NH4+, crop uptake of mineral N, and leaching of NO3− on a temporal basis. The purpose of the research was to use the ENVIRO-GRO model to simulate how the amount of applied N, timing of N application, ON mineralization rates, chemical form of N applied, and irrigation uniformity affected (1) yields of corn (Zea mays) in summer and a forage grass in winter in a Mediterranean climate and (2) the amount of NO3− leached below the root zone. This management practice is typical for dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The simulations were conducted for a 10-year period. Steady state conditions, whereby an equivalent amount of N applied in the organic form will be mineralized in a given year, are achieved more rapidly for materials with high mineralization rates. Both timing and total quantity of N application are important in affecting crop yield and potential N leaching. Major conclusions from the simulations are as follows. Frequent low applications are preferred to less frequent higher applications. Increasing the amount of N application increased both the crop yield and the amount of NO3− leached. Increasing irrigation uniformity increased crop yields but had variable effects on the amount of NO3− leached. A winter forage crop following a summer corn crop effectively reduced the leaching of residual soil N following the corn crop. 相似文献
9.
The Financial Impact of Different Stormwater Fee Types: A Case Study of Two Municipalities in Virginia 下载免费PDF全文
Amanda Fedorchak Randel Dymond Warren Campbell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(6):1483-1494
Eight stormwater user fees (SUFs) were applied to the City of Roanoke and the Town of Blacksburg, Virginia, to determine the effect each has on how land use type impacts the sources of revenue. Roanoke is larger and includes more industrial areas, but less multifamily impervious areas than Blacksburg, which translates differently in the SUFs. Residential parcels comprise the highest percentage of the revenue in all eight SUFs in Blacksburg and four in Roanoke. For both municipalities, two specific SUFs consistently comprised the highest percentage burden for residential homeowners while three other SUFs demonstrated the highest burden for commercial parcels. Open space parcels contain little impervious area, yet account for up to 27% of the revenue in the Blacksburg Area fee structure. Industrial parcels comprise more revenue in Roanoke, averaging 10.1‐4.5% in Blacksburg. Fee types that are easier to administer (e.g., Flat fees) may not fully represent the stormwater contribution from the parcels. SUF types that more accurately represent the stormwater burden on the municipality are also more administratively intensive and are more variable with fee factors. 相似文献
10.
Overview of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects of Pollution in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria 下载免费PDF全文
Pollution has taken on a global dimension, and the effects are most obvious in developing countries. The effects take a toll on human health, animals, and vegetation, as well as on soil, air, and water quality. The objective of this article is to discuss the current relationships among pollution, environmental quality, and human health within the frame of anthropogenic activities in developing countries. In addition to personal observations, we review relevant literature on conditions throughout the developing world and case studies on conditions and activities in Nigeria. Key findings show the significant, adverse contributions to human health and environmental risk from current waste generation and handling practices, indoor and outdoor air pollution, wastewater and effluent generation and disposal, the hazardous nature and pollution potential of wastes, and the human behaviors that contribute to pollution in developing countries. There is an urgent need to create awareness among the various segments of society of the human health hazards posed by pollution as well as a need for the comprehensive development and enforcement of appropriate policies to prevent a descent into an abyss of deteriorating human and environmental health. 相似文献