农药污染对蚯蚓的群落结构与超微结构影响的研究

报道了农药污染对蚯蚓的群落结构与超微结构影响的研究,结果表明：随着农药污染程度增加,蚯蚓的种类和数量则减少。超微结构在扫描电镜下可观察到重污染区壮伟环毛蚓（Pheretimarobusta）胃粘膜出现溃疡灶,并产生穿孔现象;在中污染区只有微绒毛萎缩病变;在重污染区发现肠粘膜上的纤毛发生紊乱及萎缩,纤毛顶端膨大呈球形。对精子观察可见在中污染区就出现了畸形精子。在透射电镜下观察可见重污染区壮伟环毛蚓胃肠道粘膜上皮细胞中的粗面内质网（RER）出现扩张,高尔基复合体也产生扩张状,线粒体发生肿胀,线粒体嵴消失呈空泡状。另可见细胞核膜间隙扩张、断裂,核染色质边集或减少,胞质呈大片空白。蚯蚓以上病变指标均能很灵敏反映土壤农药污染程度。     

Biopolymer-based membranes from polysaccharides for CO2 separation: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The application of natural biopolymers such as polysaccharides for the fabrication of bio-based membranes has recently attracted attention for CO2...     

梯形渠道岸边排污浓度分布的理论分析

从无限区域圆形瞬时源扩散的浓度分布公式人手,推导出梯形区域内瞬时线源扩散的近似浓度计算公式,进而得到了梯形渠道岸边排污的浓度分布公式计算公式表明,边坡倾角对污染物的浓度分布影响较大,浓度值随边坡倾角的增加而减小,近似遵循双曲线的递减规律.浓度分布解析解得到了扩散方程数值解的良好验证,两者在污染源附近有所差异,但随着距污染源距离的增加,计算结果愈加吻合,该解析公式可为天然河流岸边污染混合区的污染物浓度估算提供有力的工具.     

Three-dimensional eutrophication model and application to Taihu Lake, China

Taihu Lake, the largest freshwater shallow lake in eastern China, has suffered from severe eutrophication over the past two decades. This research developed a three-dimensional eutrophication model to investigate the eutrophication dynamics. The model fully coupled the biological processes and hydrodynamics, and also took into account the effects of sediment release and the external loads from the tributaries. After sensitivity analyses, the key parameters were defined and then calibrated by the field observation data. The calibrated model was applied to study the seasonal primary productions and its regional differences. The comparisons between model results and field data in year 2000 indicated that the model is able to simulate the eutrophication dynamics in Taihu Lake with a reasonable accuracy. From the simulation experiments, it was found that the meteorological forcing have significant influences on the temporal variations of the eutrophication dynamics. The wind-induced circulation and sediment distribution play an important role in the spatial distribution of the algae blooms.     

Simulation of exchange flow between open water and floating vegetation using a modified RNG <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">ε</Emphasis> turbulence model

The paper focuses on the numerical simulation of the exchange flow between open water and floating vegetation, which plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance by transporting nutrient matter. The simulation was conducted using a new solver developed upon OpenFOAM. A modified RNG k-ε turbulence model, which is expected to model both the high- and low-Reynolds number flows correctly, was used to determine the eddy viscosity. Several particular terms were added into the momentum equations and turbulence model equations to model the effects of vegetation and buoyancy. Among these terms, the term for the effect of vegetation in the ε-equation was re-modelled. The model was validated by properly predicting the profiles of mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy for flows through suspended canopies. The density flow between open and vegetated water was simulated with the same conditions as those of the experiment conducted by Zhang and Nepf. The predicted results agreed well with the experimental data and provided more detailed information of such exchange flow. The convection between the root layer and the layer beneath the roots, which was not observed in the experiment, was observed in the numerical simulation.     

三亚市区城市污水海洋处置研究

三亚市城市污水原计划二级污水处理厂处理后排入三亚河和榆林内港。经过反复论证，在详细分析计算三亚河、榆林内港水环境容量及自净能力的基础上，研究比较了不同的排放水域、排放方式、污水处理厂数目和处理程度等２２ 个方案后推荐采用污水海洋处置，岸上一级处理（ 预留场地以后再提高处理程度） 后离岸深水排放。现污水海洋处置工程已完成可行性研究和环境影响评价，并正在分阶段设计施工中     

Analytical expression for predicting the reduced settling velocity of small particles in turbulence

The influence of turbulence on the settling velocity of small particles remains an inconclusive research subject. Both enhanced and retarded particle settling compared to quiescent settling have been reported in previous literature, and several theories have been proposed. Among the mechanisms that account for reduced settling velocities in turbulence, the loitering effect is an important one that generally exists in various conditions. This study focuses on an analytical prediction of reduced particle settling velocities due to the loitering effect. By considering the velocity autocorrelation function as a step function analogous to the free path theory, and using a modified integral time scale to capture the essence of the loitering effect, an analytical expression is derived for predicting the reduction in particle settling velocities in turbulent flows. Calculation results of the expression are then examined by comparing with the results of a random walk model, direct numerical simulations that conditionally captured the reduction of particle settling velocities due to the loitering effect, and several representative experiments. Major possible influencing factors on the prediction of the analytical expression and applicable conditions of the expression are then further discussed. The proposed analytical expression is shown to be suitable for predicting the reduced settling velocities of small particles with relatively weak inertia in turbulent flows and could provide a reasonable explanation for reported cases in which small to moderate reductions in particle settling velocities were observed.

     

Microbial diversity accumulates in a downstream direction in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Organic and inorganic materials migrate downstream and have important roles in regulating environmental health in the river networks. However, it remains unclear whether and how a mixture of materials (i.e., microbial species) from various upstream habitats contribute to microbial community coalescence upstream of a dam. Here we track the spatial variation in microbial abundance and diversity in the Three Gorges Reservoir based on quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing data. We further quantitatively assess the relative contributions of microbial species from mainstem, its tributaries, and the surrounding riverbank soils to the area immediately upstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). We found an increase of microbial diversity and the convergent microbial distribution pattern in areas immediately upstream of TGD, suggesting this area become a new confluence for microbial diversity immigrating from upstream. Indeed, the number of shared species increased from upstream to TGD but unique species decreased, indicating immigration of various sources of microbial species overwhelms local environmental conditions in structuring microbial community close to TGD. By quantifying the sources of microbial species close to TGD, we found little contribution from soils as compared to tributaries, especially for sites closer to TGD, suggesting tributary microbes have greater influence on microbial diversity and environmental health in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Collectively, our results suggest that tracking microbial geographic origin and evaluating accumulating effects of microbial diversity shed light on the ecological processes in microbial communities and provide information for regulating aquatic ecological health.     

Analytical model for vertical velocity profiles in flows with submerged shrub-like vegetation

An analytical solution for the vertical profiles of the horizontal velocity of channel flow with submerged shrub-like vegetation is investigated in this paper. At first, a shape function is proposed to fit the diameter change of different types of shrub-like vegetation. Using the momentum theorem and the mixing-length turbulence model, an analytical solution for the vertical profile of the horizontal velocity within the vegetation is obtained. The velocity distribution of the whole column is determined in tandem with the logarithmic velocity profile above the vegetation. The solution is compared with experimental data in excellent agreement. The results show that the flow above the vegetation has a logarithmic velocity profile while the flow within the vegetation is impacted greatly by the shape and density of vegetation. The flows within shrub-like vegetations are non-uniform and vary inversely with the shrub diameter.