Ethoxylated Soybean Polyols for Polyurethanes

Soybean polyols prepared by ring opening reactions of epoxidized soybean oil with hydrogen active compounds (water, alcohols, organic or inorganic acids, thiols, hydrogen etc.) have a low reactivity in the reaction with isocyanates because the hydroxyl groups are secondary. This paper presents a simple and convenient method to increase the reactivity of soybean polyols with secondary hydroxyl groups by ethoxylation reactions with the preservation of triglyceride ester bonds. The method uses mild reaction conditions: low alkoxylation temperature of 35–45 °C, low pressure of 0.1–0.2 MPa (15–30 p.s.i.) and a superacid as catalyst (HBF₄). The new soybean polyols have a higher reactivity toward isocyanates in polyurethane formation due to the high percentage of primary hydroxyl groups. The primary hydroxyl content was determined by the second order kinetics of polyol reaction with phenyl isocyanate.     

The total content of toxic elements in horsehair given the level of essential elements

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Elemental status of 214 mares aged 3–7 years from 11 breeds was studied: Arabian purebred (n = 20), Bashkir (n = 20), Kabarda (n = 20), Vyatka...     

Chemical speciation in mining affected waters: the case study of Asarel-Medet mine

The inorganic chemical species in Maresh and Luda Yana rivers affected by the Cu– Mo Asarel-Medet mine, Bulgaria were determined during a low-flow and a high-flow period. The mining activities, the weathering and the oxidation processes strongly influenced the physicochemical processes in the whole water system. The main pollution source was a small lake receiving the acid effluents of the mining activities. High levels of SO₄ ^2???, Cu, Mg, Al, Mn and Fe were determined at the mining polluted and affected stations. Cu^2?+? and CuCO₃ ⁰ species (1:1) were present in the reference waters and Cu^2?+? and CuSO₄ ⁰ species (1:1) in the polluted and affected waters; Cu^2?+? species was dominating downstream. Me^2?+? followed by $\rm{MeSO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{0}}$ (Me = Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb), $\rm{PbCO}_{3}^{\kern3pt{0}}$ and $\rm{PbHCO}_{3}^{\kern3pt{+}}$ species as well as $\rm{Fe(OH)}_{2}^{\kern3pt{+}}$ , $\rm{Al(OH)}_{4}^{\kern3pt{-}}$ , $\rm{Al(OH)}_{2}^{\kern3pt{+}}$ , $\rm{Al(OH)}_{3}^{\kern3pt{0}}$ were prevailing in the system. $\rm{MeSO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{+}}$ and $\rm{Me(SO}_{4})_{2}^{\kern3pt{-}}$ (Me = Fe, Al), $\rm{Me(SO}_{4})_{2}^{\kern3pt{2-}}$ (Me = Zn, Cd and Pb), $\rm{Me(SO}_{4})_{3}^{\kern3pt{4-}}$ (Me = Zn, Cd) and $\rm{Cd(SO}_{4})_{4}^{\kern3pt{6-}}$ species polluted and affected waters. The major elements K and Na were mainly Me^?+? species, whereas Ca and Mg were Me^2?+? and $\rm{MeSO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{0}}$ species in different ratios. The concentration of concentration of $\rm{NO}_{2}^{\kern3pt{-}}$ , $\rm{NO}_{3}^{\kern3pt{-}}$ and $\rm{NH}_{4}^{\kern3pt{+}}$ species as well as complex phosphorous species such as H₂ $\rm{PO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{-}}$ , $\rm{FeHPO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{+}}$ , $\rm{HPO}_{4}^{\kern4pt{2-}}$ , $\rm{CaPO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{-}}$ , $\rm{CaHPO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{0}}$ and $\rm{MgHPO}_{4}^{\kern3pt{0}}$ were also calculated. The trace element concentrations decreased downstream due to dilution, sorption processes and precipitation, but the percentage of free metal species, which are more toxic, increased. An exception was iron and aluminum of which the dominant hydroxy colloidal and sulphate species were easily incorporated into the suspended phase.     

Conditions and processes of precipitation of iron compounds upon discharge of high-mineralized artesian water from artesian borehole R-30, Staro Oryahovo,Bulgaria

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The artesian borehole R-30–Staro Oryahovo with total depth of 1740 m gives waters of chlorine–sodium type with a mineralization of...     

Ethoxylated Soybean Polyols for Polyurethanes

Soybean polyols prepared by ring opening reactions of epoxidized soybean oil with hydrogen active compounds (water, alcohols, organic or inorganic acids, thiols, hydrogen etc.) have a low reactivity in the reaction with isocyanates because the hydroxyl groups are secondary. This paper presents a simple and convenient method to increase the reactivity of soybean polyols with secondary hydroxyl groups by ethoxylation reactions with the preservation of triglyceride ester bonds. The method uses mild reaction conditions: low alkoxylation temperature of 35–45 °C, low pressure of 0.1–0.2 MPa (15–30 p.s.i.) and a superacid as catalyst (HBF₄). The new soybean polyols have a higher reactivity toward isocyanates in polyurethane formation due to the high percentage of primary hydroxyl groups. The primary hydroxyl content was determined by the second order kinetics of polyol reaction with phenyl isocyanate.     

Polyols and Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a natural aromatic oil consisting of a mixture of phenolic structures with a carboxyl group in ortho position and substituted in meta position with a hydrocarbon chain of 15 carbon atoms. The major component of CNSL is anacardic acid (90?%), which is easily decarboxylated to cardanol by distillation. The present work describes the synthesis of new biobased Mannich polyols for rigid polyurethane foams in two steps: synthesis of Mannich bases by reacting phenolic ring of cardanol with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine followed by alkoxylation reactions. The polyols were characterized by wet methods (hydroxyl numbers, viscosity, acid value, density, water content, iodine value etc.), spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR) and by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The Mannich polyols from cardanol are excellent replacements for petrochemical derived Mannich polyols based on nonyl phenol. Cardanol-based polyols were used successfully for the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams of good physical?Cmechanical and fireproofing properties.