工业企业可持续发展评价指标体系初探

从可持续发展的概念出发，对影响工业企业的经济，环境和企业的经济，环境和企业素质３个因素进行综合分析，建立了包括目标层，准则层，指标层，分指标层４个层次，主要由发展现状、发展协调度、发展潜力来进行综合评价的工业企业可持续发展评价指标体系，并对评价方法进行了简要分析，为进一步研究提供借鉴。     

试论江苏省国土资源与区域可持续发展

国土资源是区域可持续发展的基础,国土资源的合理开发利用是区域持发展的必由之路。首先详细地分析了江苏国土资源的优势条件,然后着重阐述了江苏国土资源的劣势,指出 一个资源约束型省份人地关系紧张、气候灾害频敏、环境问题突出已严重制约着区域的可持续发展;最后,根据江苏省情,对江苏可持续发展提出如下建议;加强对地理区位的开发和利用,促进力的合理布局,严格控制人口增长,努力提高人口素质,严格保护耕地,高效利用     

Evidence for coupled iron and nitrate reduction in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay

Iron and nitrate (NO₃^?) are dominant physiologically required nutrients for phytoplankton growth, and iron may also play a key role in the marine nitrogen cycle. In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved iron (DFe) and Fe(II) in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) from April 2 to July 26, 2017. High concentrations of DFe and Fe(II) predominantly occurred in nearshore and estuarine stations and concentrations were generally higher in April and May. The highest DFe concentration was observed along the coast of Hongdao (51.55 nmol/L) in May, while the lowest concentration was observed in the western coastal region (2.88 nmol/L) in April. The highest and lowest Fe(II) concentrations were observed in the Licun estuary (22.42 nmol/L) and outer bay (0.50 nmol/L) in May, respectively. We calculated the proportions of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) as well as the ratio of Fe(II) to DFe in all four months. The mean Fe(II)/DFe ratio was 0.48 in April, 0.43 in May, 0.69 in June, and 0.32 in July. The mean ratio of NO₃^? to DIN was 0.78 in April, 0.54 in May, 0.20 in June, and 0.62 in July. NO₃^?/DIN continuously decreased in the first three months, while Fe(II)/DFe remained high, which suggests that the reduction of iron and nitrate occurred simultaneously in the surface waters of JZB.     

土壤重金属的形态分布特征及其影响因素

土壤重金属元素在介质中的存在形态是衡量其环境效应的关键参数.选择长江三角洲地区的江苏省昆山市为研究区,采集了126个土壤表层样品,通过欧共体标准司提出的BCR 3步提取法对土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属元素的形态分布特征进行了分析,并采用逐步回归法探讨了影响重金属化学形态的影响因素.研究结果表明,Cd主要以可还原态存在,Pb主要以有机结合态存在,而Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co 5种元素主要以残渣态存在,不同重金属元素的次生相态所占总量百分比由大到小的顺序为Cd、Pb、Co、Cu、zn、Ni、Cr.重金属总量是影响重金属形态含量的最主要因素,其次为有机质和pH值,FeOx含量是影响残渣态含量的主要因素,粘粒含量是影响Zn各形态的主要因素,MnOx含量是影响Pb各形态的主要因素.     

典型土壤持久性有机污染物空间分布特征及环境行为研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)由于具有致癌性、致畸性和致突变效应的"三致性",近年来已经越来越受到人们的关注.本文综合分析了有机氯农药(OCPs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、二英类(PCDD/Fs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)及多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)等几种典型土壤持久性有机污染物的空间分布特征.同时,对土壤POPs的挥发作用、吸附/解吸、迁移、生物降解、化学降解等环境行为进行了深入分析,并指出了这些环境行为的影响因素,包括POPs的物质属性、土壤理化性质及周围环境等共性影响因素及其它因素.此外,针对国内外研究现状中存在的问题,提出了相关建议,指出控制土壤POPs污染的根本手段在于管理措施的完善.     

An approach to partition the anthropogenic and natural components of heavy metal accumulations in roadside agricultural soil

This paper describes a new approach that allows us to partition the anthropogenic and natural contributions to heavy metal accumulations in roadside agricultural soils. This approach, combining trend analysis and multivariate statistical analysis, partitions total heavy metals into three components: anthropogenic, natural, and unexplained residual. The approach was applied in a case study in Yixing City, China, to determine the spatial distributions of heavy metal accumulations. The results show that anthropogenic components of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd account for 52.4%, 23.04%, 5.09%, and 10.9% of total content, respectively. Spatial distributions of anthropogenic components are characterized by decreasing accumulation with increasing distance from the road. Ranges of influence of traffic for Pb, Cu, and Cd are beyond 300 m, whereas the range of Zn is less than 200 m. The spatial distributions of the four elements?? natural components show relatively similar distribution patterns. Assessments of variable partition methods show that the predicted values of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd are consistent with their measured values. The anthropogenic components extracted from total contents of heavy metal will be useful for modeling heavy metal accumulations produced by human activities.     

基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价

针对土壤重金属污染评价的不确定性,采用模糊数对其进行描述.在土壤重金属含量满足正态或对数正态分布检验基础上,构建了基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价方法.以江苏省T市为例进行评价方法实证分析,结果表明:除As出现轻度污染外,其他重金属含量均处于清洁水平,其中Hg、Cu、Zn处于局部轻度污染状态,各重金属富集污染程度排序为:As ＞Cu＞ Hg＞ Zn＞ Ni＞ Cr＞ Cd＞ Pb,研究区土壤重金属污染综合评价为清洁水平,As、Hg、Cu 、Zn应该作为相关部门污染控制的重点对象.与传统的三角模糊数方法的评价结果相比,该方法能更为精确的描述不同重金属含量的隶属度大小,评价结果所包含的信息更为全面、准确.     

Ag_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)/TiO_2/膨胀石墨复合光催化剂的制备及甲基橙的降解

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源、膨胀石墨(EG)为载体,通过溶胶凝胶-浸渍法制备了Ag_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)/TiO_2/EG复合光催化剂。采用SEM,EDS,XRD,FTIR,UV-vis等技术对其进行表征,研究了该催化剂在紫外光及可见光下对甲基橙的降解性能。表征结果显示:Ag_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)被成功负载到TiO_2上且保持Dawson结构;经Ag_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)表面修饰后的复合光催化剂可见光吸收性能增强;EG提供的丰富孔道有利于有机污染物吸附去除。实验结果表明:在甲基橙质量浓度为20 mg/L、催化剂加入量为1.0 g/L、反应温度为25℃的条件下,n(Ag)∶n(Ti)=1∶16时的复合光催化剂(ATE-2)的紫外光、可见光催化活性最佳;紫外光下反应70 min时甲基橙去除率为96.5%,可见光下反应40 h时甲基橙去除率为83.5%;ATE-2使用5次后,反应70 min时,其甲基橙去除率仍为92.5%。     

几种区域土壤重金属污染评价方法的比较研究

根据昆山市2 km×2 km网格土壤采样重金属测试数据,选取As、Cd作为代表元素,以地累积指数为污染指数,运用简单数理统计、正态模糊数与核密度估计对区域土壤重金属总体污染程度进行了评价,系统比较了不同评价方法的结果差异.结果表明:评价的便捷性上,3种方法的排序是简单数理统计正态模糊数法≥核密度估计;结果的准确性上,与简单数理统计相比,正态模糊数法和核密度估计能较敏感地显示研究区域分布极少的污染等级区域,3种方法下研究区As总体污染评价的平均地累积指数相对于参照值的偏差分别为19.2%、19.2%、15.4%,Cd的分别为14.3%、14.3%、10.7%,准确度排序为核密度估计正态模糊数法=简单数理统计,结果所包含信息的全面性上,为正态模糊数法核密度估计=简单数理统计,应用正态模糊数法评价能得到表征总体污染程度的区间数,核密度估计与简单数理统计只能得出唯一值.     

International food trade reduces environmental effects of nitrogen pollution in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The globalization of agricultural trade has dramatically altered global nitrogen flows by changing the spatial pattern of nitrogen utilization and...