Petroleum and hazardous chemical spills in Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA from 1982 to 1991

Newark Bay, New Jersey, is particularly vulnerable to ecological damage from petroleum and chemical spills, as a result of the enclosed nature and shallow depth of the bay, the high frequency of shipping traffic, and the numerous chemical and petroleum transfer terminals located alongs its shores. To evaluate the potential impacts to the natural resources of this coastal estuarine ecosystem, chemical and petroleum accidents reported to the US Coast Guard (USCG) between 1982 and 1991 were compiled to determine the frequency and volume of these incidents in Newark Bay and in each of its major tributaries. Records obtained from the USCG National Response Center's computerized database indicated that more than 1453 accidental incidents, resulting in the release of more than 18 million US gallons of hazardous materials and petroleum products, occurred throughout Newark Bay during this period of time. The bulk of the materials released to the aquatic environment consisted of petroleum products, specifically No. 6 Fuel Oil (103 spills, 12 829 272 US gal) and gasoline (207 spills, 48 816 US gal). The majority of the reported incidents occurred in the Arthur Kill and its tributaries, as well as in the Kill Van Kull and the Passaic River. The results of this study indicated that the accidental discharge of petroleum and hazardous chemicals represents a significant source of chemical pollution in Newark Bay. Based on the frequency of spills and the volume of materials released to the aquatic environment, it is likely that these events are having a deleterious effect on the Newark Bay ecosystem.     

臭氧氧化法深度处理纤维板生产废水的研究

采用臭氧氧化法深度处理纤维板生产废水,探讨了臭氧投加量以及反应时间对COD和色度去除的影响,得到了最佳的工艺参数,并分析了这种处理方法的经济性。结果表明,当臭氧投加量为180mg/L、反应时间为30min时,纤维板生产废水的COD、色度去除率分别为58.3%、98.3%。采用臭氧氧化法深度处理纤维素废水的投资成本为600～700元/t,运行成本为0.8～1.2元/t,较Fenton氧化处理方法而言,在处理效率和经济成本上具有较大优势。     

三维电极法深度处理维生素生产废水

采用三维电极法对维生素废水进行深度处理,分别以钛涂钌铱板、铁板和不锈钢板作为电极阳极,石墨板作为电极阴极,柱状活性炭作为粒子电极,结果表明,当以钛涂钌铱板作为阳极,以粒径为1 mm的柱状活性炭作为粒子电极时电解效果最好,COD和色度去除率最高。实验选择电解电压、电极板间距、电解时间和初始pH值作为主要影响因素进行正交实验,实验研究证明,各因素的影响大小为电解电压>电极板间距>电解时间>初始pH值,得到的最佳参数组合分别为:电解电压为10 V,电极板间距为8 cm,电解时间为20 min,初始pH值为4,得到COD和色度最大去除率分别为59.5%和93.57%。     

硫铁矿烧渣催化类Fenton法深度处理维生素C废水

采用硫铁矿烧渣协同Fe2+催化H2O2的类Fenton法深度处理维生素C制药废水,通过正交实验考察FeSO4投加量、H2O2投加量、搅拌反应时间、曝气时间等因素对低浓度难降解有机物去除的影响程度,并结合单因素实验确定最佳反应条件。结果表明:(1)正交实验中,各因素对催化氧化反应效果的影响程度依次为H2O2投加量搅拌反应时间曝气时间FeSO4投加量;(2)单因素实验中,最佳反应条件为烧渣投加量10g/L、H2O2投加量4.9mmol/L、FeSO4投加量3.9mmol/L、搅拌反应时间20min、曝气时间20min、絮凝沉淀部分聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量5mg/L。在此条件下,COD去除率最高达63.21%。     

生产性IC反应器厌氧颗粒污泥的生物学特征

IC反应器以絮状污泥接种用于处理酒糟废水,运行至第180d时分别测定反应器第1、第2反应室颗粒污泥的VSS、产甲烷活性、胞外多聚物和辅酶F420等各项生物学指标。结果表明反应器内颗粒污泥具有较强活性,反应器COD去除率基本稳定在95%以上,出水COD不超过1000mg/L。     

高效生活污水处理装置--高性能合并处理净化槽

详细介绍了从日本引进的一体化生活污水处理装置--高性能合并处理净化槽的特点、运行机理和在日本的应用情况.     

Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results

Some environmental monitoring programs have reported increasing levels of certain polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) isomers in aquatic biota and in human breast milk. The commercial PBDE products are known as penta-, octa-, and deca-brominated diphenyl ethers (PeBDE, OBDE and DBDE, respectively). Aside from the current European Commission's risk assessment initiative and efforts underway in Sweden, Canada and elsewhere to evaluate environmental levels, little is understood about sources of exposure and risks to humans. In this study, a multi-pathway human health risk assessment was performed to predict theoretical chronic daily intakes (CDIs) of PeBDE, OBDE, and DBDE by five different age groups: 0-2, 2-6, 6-12, 12-18, and 18-70 years. Sources of exposure included air, drinking water, consumption of fish, vegetables, meat and dairy products, and ingestion of breast milk by infants. In addition to a deterministic analysis, the risk assessment included a probabilistic analysis to derive the probability density functions describing the range of plausible exposures associated with eight different pathways, as well as aggregate lifetime exposures for each age group. The results were compared to CDI point estimates calculated by the European Chemicals Bureau as part of the European Commission's Existing Substances Programme. The major sources of uncertainties are discussed, including environmental sources, levels in different environmental compartments, toxicity, and human exposure. This paper also discusses the limitations in the current state-of-the-science and provides recommendations for improving the scientific relevance and accuracy of future environmental risk assessments of PBDEs.     

啤酒废水处理技术的生产性应用

高浓度啤酒废水进行厌氧处理后 ,再与低浓度啤酒废水混合进行好氧处理 ,是一条经济合理的技术路线。采用以升流式厌氧污泥床 (UASB)和周期循环活性污泥系统 (CASS)为主的技术处理啤酒废水 ,工程应用表明该工艺技术具有先进实用的明显特征 ,能够有效的处理高浓度啤酒废水 ,处理水质稳定达到啤酒工业废水排放标准     

高浓度油田压裂废水降低CODCr的预处理方法

针对高浓度油田压裂废水黏度高、浊度大、含油量高等特点,强化预处理工艺,降低CODCr值。文章通过实验证明了强氧化剂(Fenton试剂)与混凝剂PAC+PAM相结合的工艺可有效降低高浓度含油废水CODCr值,进而通过Fenton试剂与混凝剂的投药量、pH值等因素对高浓度油田压裂废水的影响进行分析,得出采用该化学预处理方法出水水质清澈,可直接进入生化处理系统进行后续处理。