Dryland characteristics and its optimized eco‐productive paradigms for sustainable development in China

Dryland area occupies 37% of the national territory in China. Desertification and other disasters have limited dryland sustainable development. Here we overview the dryland characteristics and desertification status and introduce four regionally optimized eco‐productive paradigms for dryland sustainable development, i.e., the mountain‐oasis paradigm in arid desert; the small watershed‐based paradigm on the Loess Plateau; the integrated animal husbandry paradigm on the Inner Mongolia Steppe and the agro‐pastoral transitional region; and three circle paradigm on the Ordos Plateau. These paradigms are established on the basis of regional landscape patterns and their underlying material and energy flow rules, and different functional belts are determined and capitalized upon with the integrated consideration of regional biogeophysical processes, biogeochemical cycles and biogeosocial relations. These paradigms cannot cover all complex landscape types, but provide theoretical frameworks and practicable models for dryland sustainable development in China.     

复合污染中Triton X-100在膨润土/水界面上的吸附行为

研究了水溶液中膨润土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(X-100)的吸附,重点探讨了阳离子表面活性剂CPC、阴离子表面活性剂SDBS、中性无机盐NaCl及温度对膨润土吸附TX-100的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土吸附TX-100的效果好于Ca基膨润土;低浓度CPC对膨润土吸附TX-100具有增强作用,当CPC初始浓度大于l0000 mg·L-1(平衡浓度Ce约为1CMC)时具有抑制作用,当CPC浓度低于3000 mg·L-1(Ce约为0.03CMC)时,TX-100吸附量与CPC浓度成线性正相关.SDBS能显著降低膨润土对TX-100的吸附,原因是溶液中SDBS与TX-100混合胶束的形成能阻止TX-100与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用及在其表面形成胶束.NaCl的存在可以大大提高膨润土对TX-100的吸附,去除率由56%提高到99%以上.膨润土对TX-100的吸附随温度升高吸附量增大,其吸附热为12.68 kJ·mol-1,标准自由能的减小和熵值的增大是TX-100在膨润土上吸附的推动力.实验结果对用膨润土处理含表面活性剂废水具有一定的理论价值.     

土壤中单甲脒挥发的研究

在实验室模拟条件下初步研究了农药单甲脒从本身纯物质及土壤表面的挥发行为．实验表明，挥发通量的对数与温度的倒数呈线性关系；单甲脒从有机质含量低的土壤中挥发较其从有机质含量较高的土壤中挥发要快；在一定范围内，土壤中单甲脒的挥发通量随着土壤中农药的浓度增加、温度的上升和风速的增加而增加；土壤水分的增加最初促进单甲脒挥发，继续增加则可能使挥发减慢．     

柴油机排放碳颗粒物的催化燃烧

在热天平装置上考察了柴油机和碳颗粒物燃烧催化剂的活性，讨论了样品制备因素对样品失重的影响，这些因素包括碳颗粒物组成、催化剂栽体、催化剂与碳颗粒物质量比，着重筛选了催化剂的组份，得到了组份催化剂ＣｕＣｌ２－ＫＣｏ－ＮＨ４ＶＯ３其５５０℃焙烧后能使样品的Ｔｍ和Ｔｆ值都降低１８０℃以上，并对催化剂的热稳定性进行了研究。     

Increasing the recovery of heavy metal ions using two microbial fuel cells operating in parallel with no power output

The present study aimed to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) by using an intermittent connection period without power output. Connecting two MFCs in parallel improved the voltage output of both MFCs until the voltage stabilized. Electric energy was accumulated in two MFCs containing heavy metal ions copper, zinc, and cadmium as electron acceptors by connection in parallel for several hours. The system was then switched to discharge mode with single MFCs with a 1000-Ω resistor connected between anode and cathode. This method successfully achieved highly efficient removal of heavy metal ions. Even when the anolyte was run in sequencing batch mode, the insufficient voltage and power needed to recover heavy metals from the cathode of MFCs can be complemented by the developed method. The average removal ratio of heavy metal ions in sequencing batch mode was 67 % after 10 h. When the discharge time was 20 h, the removal ratios of zinc, copper, and cadmium were 91.5, 86.7, and 83.57 %, respectively; the average removal ratio of these ions after 20 h was only 52.1 % for the control group. Therefore, the average removal efficiency of heavy metal ions increased by 1.75 times using the electrons stored from the bacteria under the open-circuit conditions in parallel mode. Electrochemical impedance data showed that the anode had lower solution resistance and polarization resistance in the parallel stage than as a single MFC, and capacitance increased with the length of time in parallel.

     

The fractionation and geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements measured in ambient size-resolved PM in an integrated iron and steelmaking industry zone

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improved understanding of the fractionation and geochemical characteristic of rare earth elements (REEs) from steel plant emissions is important due...     

Inhibition and dispersion of polyepoxysuccinate as a scale inhibitor

The inhibition and dispersion of polyepoxysuccinate (PESA, self-manufactured) to inorganic scale was evaluated by scale static beaker test to CaC0₃ and Ca₃(P0₄)2, stability test to zinc salt, and dispersion test to ferric oxide. The experimental results demonstrated that PESA functioned excellent scale inhibition to CaC0₃ and Ca₃(P0₄)₂, good stability to zinc salt and special dispersion to ferric oxide. Under the water with hardness 500-1200 mg/L, alkalinity 1000 mg/L, and dosage of PESA 31.2 mg/L, PESA scale inhibition ratio reached more than 85.0%. At dosage of PESA 20.8 mg/L inhibition ratio on calcium phosphate reached 38.9%, at optimum dosage of PESA 9.1 mg/L, the stability ratio was up to 96.1%; while at dosage of PESA 3.6 mg/L, transmittance ratio reached 64.4%. Therefore, PESA can be considered a soluble, high effective and versatile inhibitor.     

Feasibility of nanoscale zerovalent iron-loaded sediment-based biochar (nZVI-SBC) for simultaneous removal of nitrate and phosphate: high selectivity toward dinitrogen and synergistic mechanism

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the process of water treatment, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants are of great concern. Therefore, we prepared nanoscale zerovalent iron...     

Iodine enrichment and the underlying mechanism in deep groundwater in the Cangzhou Region,North China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The lack of information on the origin and behavior of iodine in deep groundwater restricts the development and use of groundwater resources. To...     

酱糟与醋糟混合发酵产沼气研究

酱糟、醋糟是我国食品酿造行业产生的废弃物,通过厌氧发酵不仅可以解决废糟处理问题又可获取能源.因此本研究在中温(35±1)℃的条件下,根据C/N比的不同,进行了酱糟/醋糟干物质(TS)比分别为1∶0(N1)、1∶1.5(N2)、1∶3(N3)、1∶7(N4)、1∶18(N5)和0∶1(N6)的混合发酵实验.结果表明,单一酱渣的延滞期为17.46 d,混合发酵明显缩短了延滞期,为3.00-3.83 d;混合发酵组(N2～N5)累计产甲烷量的实验结果比计算结果分别提高了1％、16％、14％和10％,其中,N3组C/N比为25.7∶1,提高最为明显;各组发酵产生的沼气的甲烷体积分数在65％～ 70％之间;Gompertz模型拟合可以用于酱糟和醋糟混合发酵产甲烷的过程;酱、醋糟发酵的产酸类型以乙酸型发酵为主.