Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

两种纳米结构五氧化二钒的合成与表征

分别以五氧化二钒为钒源、双氧水为溶剂和以偏钒酸铵为钒源、稀硫酸为溶剂,通过低温水热法合成了五氧化二钒纳米带和纳米板。并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对产物进行表征。结果表明,反应产物均为正交的五氧化二钒晶型,纳米带宽度100～300 nm,厚度约100 nm左右,纳米板形状规则,分布较为均匀,厚度在纳米级别。     

创新能力培养的教学策略

现代主体教育理论认为,教学活动应以建构学生在学习与发展中的主体地位为核心,在促进学生树立意识并形成相应能力的基础上,着力培养学生形成创新意识与能力。也就是说,主体意识与能力是创新意识与能力的基础,创新意识与能力则是主体意识与能力的集中表现和最高境界。因此,创新能力培养强调学生的主体参与。     

Catalytic decomposition of dioxins and other unintentional POPs in flue gas from a municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in China: a pilot testing

Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs) include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), and hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz). With the booming of municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) in China, the emission of UPOPs has generated great concern. As an alternative technology of dioxin control, catalytic decomposition has not been used in China, mainly due to the absence of national demonstration projects. Also, the simultaneous removal of various UPOPs has not been well investigated.In this study, a pilot-scale selective catalytic oxidative (SCO) system using a self-developed honeycomb catalyst was built and tested in a typical municipal waste incinerator (MWI) of China. The original concentration of PCDD/Fs in flue gas after the treatment of activated carbon injection (ACI) still exceeded the national emission standard (0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm³), while the concentrations of PeCBz and HxCBz were one order of magnitude higher than that of PCDD/Fs. For the testing temperature varying from 300 to 200 °C, the removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs range from 39 to 95 %, followed by dl-PCBs with the range of 56–89 %. PeCBz and HxCBz were also removed, though their removal efficiencies were lower than those of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. Both temperature and degree of chlorination influence the removal efficiencies.     

BDD电极阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验研究了电化学技术阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,比较了不同阳极种类、电流密度和极板间距对污染物降解的影响。结果表明,掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond,BDD)薄膜电极作为阳极,比钛基镀钌铱(Ti-RuO2-IrO2)和钛基镀铂(Ti-Pt)电极作为阳极时,有机物的矿化更为迅速。选用BDD电极作为阳极,不锈钢电极作为阴极,随着电流密度的增加(10~100 mA/cm2),TOC去除率随之提高,极板间距的改变(2~12 mm)对TOC的降解影响较小。BDD阳极氧化6 h后,浓缩液的TOC去除率达到94%。研究表明,BDD电极阳极氧化技术可有效地处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,可将其应用于高毒性难生物降解的有机废水的处理工艺中。     

柱状V2O5/AC催化剂低温选择性催化还原NO的研究

为了研究柱状活性焦负载V2O5选择性催化还原NO的性能,采用等体积浸渍法制备一系列柱状V2O5/AC催化剂,采用工业分析、元素分析、SEM、BET对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,柱状活性焦表面具有大量的孔隙结构,硝酸改性提高活性焦的氧含量、比表面积和微孔率.同时研究了V2O5负载量、反应温度、Q浓度、空速等因素对NO脱除率的影响.结果表明,在V2O5负载量为3％、反应温度150℃,O2体积分数为5％,空速2500 L/(M·h)时NO的脱除率可达61.89％.     

造纸污泥的电渗透脱水效果

采用电渗透脱水技术对经过带式压滤后的制浆造纸混合污泥进行深度脱水,考察了机械压力、电压梯度和污泥厚度对污泥电渗透脱水效果与能耗的影响。结果表明,机械压力从25 kPa升至76 kPa时,脱水效果也会随之提高,但是继续增大机械压力对脱水效果的提高作用就会变得不明显;随着电压梯度的增加,脱水效果会有明显的升高,但是能耗也会相应地增加;电压梯度恒定为30 V/cm且污泥厚度从0.35 cm增加到1.40 cm时,脱水效果和能耗都会相应地增加。对于所有的电脱水实验,当污泥的含水率从74.85%降至60%时所需要的能耗均在0.14～0.28 kWh/kg去除水之间。综合考虑脱水效果和能耗,可认为最优脱水条件是：机械压力为76 kPa,电压梯度为30 V/cm,污泥厚度为0.7 cm。     

Fate and removal of typical pharmaceutical and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant from Beijing: a mass balance study

The fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has received great attention during the last decade. Numerous data concerning concentrations in the water phase can be found in the literature, however corresponding data from sludge as well as associated mass balance calculations are very limited. In the present study, the adsorbed and dissolved concentrations of 9 PPCPs were investigated in each unit of a WWTP in Beijing, China. Based on the calculation of mass balance, the relative mass distribution and removal efficiency of each target compound was obtained at each process. The amount of PPCPs entering into the WWTP ranged from 12 g·d^–1 to 3848 g·d^–1. Five target compounds (caffeine, chloramphenicol, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) were effectively removed, with rates of 57%–100%. Negative removal efficiencies were obtained for sulpiride, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, and carbamazepine, ranging from -19% to -79%. PPCPs mainly existed in dissolved form (≥92%) in both the raw influent and the final effluent. The sludge cake carried a much lower amount of PPCPs (17 g·d^–1) compared with the discharged effluent (402 g·d^–1). In A²/O treatment tanks, the anaerobic and anoxic tanks showed good performance for PPCPs removal, and the amount of adsorbed PPCPs was increased. The results reveal that both the dissolved and the adsorbed phases should be considered when assessing the removal capacity of each A²/O tank.     

气液介质阻挡放电降膜反应器降解甲硝唑实验研究

针对抗生素药物甲硝唑难生物降解的难题,首次借助气液冷等离子体高级氧化的方法,采用连续气液介质阻挡放电降膜反应器对其进行降解实验研究.同时,定量测量和评价了反应器的·OH氧化能力,考察了不同初始浓度、不同放电气氛及加入叔丁醇对甲硝唑降解效果的影响,并重点探讨了·OH对甲硝唑降解的作用.结果表明,当甲硝唑在反应器内停留时间为3 s时,初始浓度为5、10和20 mg·L~(-1)的甲硝唑溶液的转化率分别为97.8%、85.4%和78.7%,说明气液介质阻挡放电降膜反应器对甲硝唑具有显著的氧化降解能力.同时实验进一步发现,氧化反应过程中·OH对甲硝唑的降解具有重要贡献.