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Helmut Haberl Christoph Plutzar Karl-Heinz Erb Veronika Gaube Martin Pollheimer Niels B. Schulz 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2005,110(3-4):119-131
The relationship between land-use induced changes in production ecology and avifauna diversity was analysed using a GIS land cover dataset on a 0.25 km × 0.25 km grid covering Austria's national territory. Considering only aboveground processes, the “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP = potential NPP − NPPt), actual NPP (NPPact), harvest (NPPh) and NPPt (= NPPact − harvest) were recalculated based on existing datasets. Elevation as well as indicators of land cover heterogeneity and landscape heterogeneity were also considered. Correlation analyses were performed between these potential determinants of avifauna diversity and breeding bird species richness data as well as the percentage of endangered breeding birds included in the Austrian red list. Four spatial scales—0.25 km × 0.25 km, 1 km × 1 km, 4 km × 4 km and 16 × 16 km, were analysed. It was shown that breeding bird species richness was more strongly correlated with production ecological indicators and elevation than with heterogeneity indicators. A residual analysis in which the effect of elevation (a proxy for climate) on species richness and its potential determinants was removed confirmed the importance of the availability of trophic energy (NPP) for bird diversity patterns. The results support the species-energy hypothesis, thus confirming the notion that HANPP could be a useful pressure indicator for biodiversity loss. 相似文献
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Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sybil P. Seitzinger Uno Svedin Carole L. Crumley Will Steffen Saiful Arif Abdullah Christine Alfsen Wendy J. Broadgate Frank Biermann Ninad R. Bondre John A. Dearing Lisa Deutsch Shobhakar Dhakal Thomas Elmqvist Neda Farahbakhshazad Owen Gaffney Helmut Haberl Sandra Lavorel Cheikh Mbow Anthony J. McMichael Joao M. F. deMorais Per Olsson Patricia Fernanda Pinho Karen C. Seto Paul Sinclair Mark Stafford Smith Lorraine Sugar 《Ambio》2012,41(8):787-794
Cities are rapidly increasing in importance as a major factor shaping the Earth system, and therefore, must take corresponding responsibility. With currently over half the world’s population, cities are supported by resources originating from primarily rural regions often located around the world far distant from the urban loci of use. The sustainability of a city can no longer be considered in isolation from the sustainability of human and natural resources it uses from proximal or distant regions, or the combined resource use and impacts of cities globally. The world’s multiple and complex environmental and social challenges require interconnected solutions and coordinated governance approaches to planetary stewardship. We suggest that a key component of planetary stewardship is a global system of cities that develop sustainable processes and policies in concert with its non-urban areas. The potential for cities to cooperate as a system and with rural connectivity could increase their capacity to effect change and foster stewardship at the planetary scale and also increase their resource security. 相似文献
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Christoph Plutzar Christine Kroisleitner Helmut Haberl Tamara Fetzel Claudia Bulgheroni Tim Beringer Patrick Hostert Thomas Kastner Tobias Kuemmerle Christian Lauk Christian Levers Marcus Lindner Dietmar Moser Daniel Müller Maria Niedertscheider Maria Luisa Paracchini Sibyll Schaphoff Peter H. Verburg Pieter J. Verkerk Karl-Heinz Erb 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1225-1238
Understanding patterns, dynamics, and drivers of land use is crucial for improving our ability to cope with sustainability challenges. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework provides a set of integrated socio-ecological indicators that quantify how land use alters energy flows in ecosystems via land conversions and biomass harvest. Thus, HANPP enables researchers to systematically and consistently assess the outcome of changes in land cover and land-use intensity across spatio-temporal scales. Yet, fine-scale HANPP assessments are so far missing, an information important to address site-specific ecological implications of land use. Here, we provide such an assessment for Europe at a 1-km scale for the years 1990, 2000, and 2006. The assessment was based on a consistent land-use/biomass flow dataset derived from statistical data, remote sensing maps, and a dynamic global vegetation model. We find that HANPP in Europe amounted to ~43 % of potential productivity, well above the global average of ~25 %, with little variation in the European average since 1990. HANPP was highest in Central Europe and lower in Northern and Southern Europe. At the regional level, distinct changes in land-use intensity were observed, most importantly the decline of cropland areas and yields following the breakdown of socialism in Eastern Europe and the subsequent recovery after 2000, or strong dynamics related to storm events that resulted in massive salvage loggings. In sum, however, these local dynamics cancelled each other out at the aggregate level. We conclude that this finding warrants further research into aspects of the scale-dependency of dynamics and stability of land use. 相似文献
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Sperm usage was investigated in a naturally mated honey bee queen. We collected worker progeny arising from eggs that were
laid sequentially during three sampling periods. Paternity was determined by analysis of three polymorphic microsatellite
loci, leading to the conclusion that the queen had mated with seven males. Direct analysis of the sperm from the spermatheca
revealed no evidence that sperm from additional males was present inside the spermatheca. Frequencies of different subfamilies
differed significantly and ranged from 3.8% to 27.3%. In the short term, the frequencies of subfamilies among the eggs laid
did not change over time. The frequency of eggs of a particular subfamily was statistically independent of the previous egg's
subfamily. Thus, there is no evidence for non-random fine-scale sperm usage, and we estimate the effect of sperm clumping
to be less than 6%. We conclude that the sperm is mixed completely inside the queen's spermatheca. Our results suggest that
taking brood samples from comb cells next to each other is a statistically correct way of independent sampling of subfamilies
at a given time in honey bee colonies. Furthermore, any bias in subfamily frequencies in offspring queens due to sperm usage
can be excluded. However, the analyses of progeny samples taken 12 months apart do not allow us to exclude moderate fluctuations
of subfamily frequencies in the long-term.
Received: 11 August 1997 / Accepted after revision: 14 November 1997 相似文献
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Archetypical patterns and trajectories of land systems in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Levers Christian Müller Daniel Erb Karlheinz Haberl Helmut Jepsen Martin Rudbeck Metzger Marc J. Meyfroidt Patrick Plieninger Tobias Plutzar Christoph Stürck Julia Verburg Peter H. Verkerk Pieter J. Kuemmerle Tobias 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):715-732
Regional Environmental Change - Assessments of land-system change have dominantly focused on conversions among broad land-use categories, whereas intensity changes within these categories have... 相似文献
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Simone Gingrich Karl-Heinz Erb Fridolin Krausmann Veronika Gaube Helmut Haberl 《Regional Environmental Change》2007,7(1):37-47
This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization
in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary
sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth
century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total
carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period
and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880
and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late
nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in
the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence
of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162%
of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive
use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing
in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the
carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources
(biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil
fuels. 相似文献
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Fetzel Tamara Niedertscheider Maria Haberl Helmut Krausmann Fridolin Erb Karl-Heinz 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1507-1520
Regional Environmental Change - African land systems play a decisive role in addressing future sustainability challenges for food and energy supply—in Africa and potentially elsewhere.... 相似文献
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Ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a complexing agent and has the ability to form stable water-soluble complexes with metal ions. It is used in a variety of industrial applications including pulp and paper, metal, textile, leather rubber, pharmaceuticals, food, polymer production and others. Most of these applications are water based and lead to emissions into the waste water and reach sewage treatment plants. Industrial sources and municipal waste waters were monitored simultaneously. Mixed samples were taken over periods of one week at nine sample sites. The concentrations of EDTA were measured in waste water samples by gas chromatography using N-selective detection. The results showed that, although, the concentrations and loads were variable the paper manufacturing industry was the major EDTA contributor to the influent of the waste water treatment plant and contributed more than 98% of the total load. All the other sources including two household areas, were comparably low. In waste water of households concentrations between 10 and 70 microg/l EDTA could be detected. Concentrations of EDTA from different industrial waste water sources ranged from 28 up to 3980 microg/l. Influent and effluent concentrations of the WWTP were usually high in the range of 500-940 and 390-760 microg/l; respectively. Elimination rates averaged 15%, the calculation is based on emission loads. Specific emission factors were calculated based on population equivalents. 相似文献
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From teleconnection to telecoupling: taking stock of an emerging framework in land system science 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cecilie Friis Jonas Østergaard Nielsen Iago Otero Helmut Haberl Jörg Niewöhner Patrick Hostert 《Journal of Land Use Science》2016,11(2):131-153
Land use change is influenced by a complexity of drivers that transcend spatial, institutional and temporal scales. The analytical framework of telecoupling has recently been proposed in land system science to address this complexity, particularly the increasing importance of distal connections, flows and feedbacks characterising change in land systems. This framework holds important potential for advancing the analysis of land system change. In this article, we review the state of the art of the telecoupling framework in the land system science literature. The article traces the development of the framework from teleconnection to telecoupling and presents two approaches to telecoupling analysis currently proposed in the literature. Subsequently, we discuss a number of analytical challenges related to categorisation of systems, system boundaries, hierarchy and scale. Finally, we propose approaches to address these challenges by looking beyond land system science to theoretical perspectives from economic geography, social metabolism studies, political ecology and cultural anthropology. 相似文献
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