我国大气中挥发性有机物的分布特征

大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶形成的关键前体物之一,研究表明烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃是我国大气VOCs的重要组分。在不同区域,城市地区烷烃含量最高,而偏远地区芳香烃为含量最丰富的VOCs。VOCs浓度日间变化多呈双峰分布趋势,峰值多出现在早晨与傍晚的上下班高峰期。目前对我国臭氧污染事件的研究均表明芳香烃和烯烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物。VOCs源解析中广泛运用的模型包括CMB、PMF和PCA/APCS,各模型均存在优点和局限性。比较各地VOCs源解析结果,发现交通排放源和工业排放源为我国VOCs的主要人为来源。VOCs的跨区域传输决定与周边地区的合作将是未来空气治理中的发展方向。     

Ionic composition of TSP and PM2.5 during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi'an,China

TSP and PM_2.5 samples were collected at Xi'an, China during dust storms (DSs) and several types of pollution events, including haze, biomass burning, and firework displays. Aerosol mass concentrations were up to 2 times higher during the particulate matter (PM) events than on normal days (NDs), and all types of PM led to decreased visibility. Water-soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, F^?, Cl^?, NO₃^?, and SO₄^2?). were major aerosol components during the pollution episodes, but their concentrations were lower during DSs. NH₄⁺, K⁺, F^?, Cl^?, NO₃^?, and SO₄^2? were more abundant in PM_2.5 than TSP but the opposite was true for Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. PM collected on hazy days was enriched with secondary species (NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, and SO₄²) while PM from straw combustion showed high K⁺ and Cl^?. Firework displays caused increases in K⁺ and also enrichments of NO₃^? relative to SO₄^2?. During DSs, the concentrations of secondary aerosol components were low, but Ca²⁺ was abundant. Ion balance calculations indicate that PM from haze and straw combustion was acidic while the DSs samples were alkaline and the fireworks' PM was close to neutral. Ion ratios (SO₄^2?/K⁺, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, and Cl^?/K⁺) proved effective as indicators for different pollution episodes.     

“碳中和”愿景下我国碳排放现状和减排路径

控制以CO₂为主的温室气体排放，“力争2030年前实现碳达峰，争取2060年前实现碳中和”是我国近年来面临的重大任务。碳排放研究是实现“双碳”目标的基础和前提，从碳排放测算、碳排放影响因素分析、行业碳排放研究三个方面对我国碳排放研究现状进行梳理，对近年来研究的重点方向、主要成果和目前存在的主要问题进行分析，并结合我国的“双碳”目标提出现阶段我国“以完善政策标准与加大政府扶持为基础，以产业结构调整与新兴产业发展、能源结构调整与新能源技术发展为核心，以探索CCUS（碳捕集、利用与封存）技术和增加碳汇及对居民低碳消费倾向的引导和培养为导向”的碳减排路径。     

Characteristics of single atmospheric particles in a heavily polluted urban area of China: size distributions and mixing states

To investigate the chemical composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles on heavy pollution days, single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry was conducted during 9–26 October 2015 in Xi’an, China. The measured particles were classified into six major categories: biomass burning (BB) particles, K-secondary particles, elemental carbon (EC)–related particles, metal-containing particles, dust, and organic carbon (OC) particles. BB and EC-related particles were the dominant types during the study period and mainly originated from biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion. According to the ambient air quality index, two typical episodes were defined: clean days (CDs) and polluted days (PDs). Accumulation of BB particles and EC-related particles was the main reason for the pollution in Xi’an. Most types of particle size were larger on PDs than CDs. Each particle type was mixed with secondary species to different degrees on CDs and PDs, indicating that atmospheric aging occurred. The mixing state results demonstrated that the primary tracers were oxidized or vanished and that the amount of secondary species was increased on PDs. This study provides valuable information and a dataset to help control air pollution in the urban areas of Xi’an.

Graphical abstract

     

陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

宝鸡市冬季一次持续性重污染过程特征分析

污染气象成因和污染物区域传输作用对本地污染影响较大,研究不同地区污染气象成因和污染物区域传输作用对本地污染的治理有重要意义.利用污染物浓度监测和气象要素观测资料,采用统计学分析方法、特征雷达图和HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模型分析宝鸡市2018年12月29日—2019年1月8日一次持续性重污染过程的气象成因和污染特征.结果表明:①此次重度污染持续时间长、强度大,污染过程中有6 d空气质量指数(AQI)达到重度及以上污染(AQI>200),ρ(PM_2.5)平均值达205.4 μg/m3,有2 d达到严重污染(AQI>300).②气象条件对污染物浓度的影响显著,高低空环流形势形成稳定层结,容易造成污染物累积.东南大风将污染气团远距离输送到宝鸡市,西北静小风使得污染物在本地聚集加重污染.③重污染维持阶段,ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀)在0.9左右,说明此次污染过程PM_2.5占比较大,污染物的二次转化作用明显;ρ(NO₂)/ρ(SO₂)为6.2,表征移动源贡献率高于固定源;ρ(CO)/ρ(SO₂)呈先增后减的变化特征,表明静稳天气持续,本地源排放对重污染的贡献逐渐凸显.④特征雷达图结果表明,此次重污染过程的污染类型由发展阶段的污染特征不明显和燃煤型污染特征,逐渐转化为偏二次污染类型,重污染过程结束后污染类型以偏扬尘型为主.研究显示,气象条件和传输扩散对宝鸡市重污染影响显著,宝鸡市重污染应急需优先管控移动源,汾渭平原应加强区域联动,共同治理环境污染问题.      

Characteristics of surface ozone at an urban site of Xi'an in Northwest China

Surface ozone concentrations in Xi'an, China were monitored from March 23, 2008 to January 12, 2009 using the Model ML/EC9810 ozone analyzer. The daily average O(3) ranged from <1 ppb to 64.2 ppbv with an annual average of 16.0 ppbv. The seasonal average of O(3) in summer (32.5 ppbv) was more than 10 times higher than that in winter (3.0 ppbv). A significant positive correlation was found between ozone concentration and ambient temperature, indicating that the intensity of solar radiation was one of the several major factors controlling surface ozone production. Using the NOAA HYSPLIT 4 trajectory model, the three longest O(3) pollution episodes were found to be associated with the high biogenic volatile organic carbon (BVOC) emissions from the vegetation of Qinling Mountains. No significant weekday and weekend difference in O(3) levels was detected due to the non-significant change in NO(x) emissions. O(3) depletion by NO emission directly emitted from vehicles, low oxygenated VOC concentrations, and low-level solar radiation caused by high aerosol loading all contributed to the low levels of O(3) found in Xi'an compared to other cities and rural areas.     

昆明市冬季大气气溶胶外来源的化学组成

外来输入是城市大气颗粒物的主要来源之一,外来源气溶胶理化特征研究是理解其对城市大气颗粒物影响的前提和基础.本研究分析了昆明市冬季典型天气下主城区上风向大气PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm)的化学组分(包括元素、水溶性离子和碳组分)特征,结合气象要素筛选,获得了昆明市外来输入气溶胶的化学组成.昆明市外来源气溶胶PM2.5中碳组分、水溶性离子和地壳组分质量百分比分别为39.9％?±?3.3％、24.4％?±?9.0％和23.7％?±?9.2％;外来输入气团主要来自昆明市东北方向和西南方向,后向轨迹分析显示西南方向输入气团主要来自云南西南部的普洱、红河,而东北方向输入的气团主要来自云南省工业相对集中的曲靖等地.不同风向输入的气溶胶PM2.5的质量浓度和化学组成存在着明显的差异:东北方向输入的气溶胶质量浓度平均为(29.3?±?7.8)μg???m?3,高于西南方向输入的气溶胶质量浓度(平均(24.1?±?6.0)μg???m?3)约21％;前者SO2-4、NO-3和NH-4平均含量是后者的2倍左右;东北方向Ca?/?Ti和K?/?Ti也明显高于西南方向.外来源气溶胶碳和离子组分显示长距离传输"老化"气溶胶的特征,元素的比值反映了气溶胶源的特征,可以用来指示气溶胶的来源.     

Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for quantification of elemental carbon in sediments

The IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method, commonly used for EC quantification in atmospheric aerosols, is applied to soils and sediments and compared with a thermochemical method commonly applied to these non-atmospheric samples. TOR determines elemental carbon (EC) by an optical method, but it also yields thermally defined EC fractions in a 2% O2/98% He oxidizing atmosphere at 550 degrees C (EC1), 700 degrees C (EC2), and 800 degrees C (EC3). Replicate TOR TC, OC, and EC values exhibited precisions of approximately +/-10% as determined from multiple analyses of the same samples. EC abundances relative to total mass concentrations were within the ranges reported by other methods for diesel exhaust soot, n-hexane soot, wood and rice chars, and coals, as well as for environmental matrices. A direct comparison with the chemothermal (CTO) method of Gustafson et al. for ten soil and sediment samples demonstrated that almost all of the OC and EC1 are eliminated, as is part of the EC2. The CTO soot carbon is bounded by the EC3 and EC2+EC3 fractions of the IMPROVE TOR analysis. It might be possible to adjust these fractions to obtain better agreement between atmospheric aerosol and soil/sediment analysis methods. Given its linking the EC measurement in the atmosphere to sediments, the TOR method will not only provide useful information on the explanation and comparison between different environmental matrices, but also can be used to derive information on global cycling of EC.