Regional Decline of an Iconic Amphibian Associated with Elevation,Land‐Use Change,and Invasive Species

Abstract: Ecological theory predicts that species with restricted geographic ranges will have the highest probability of extinction, but species with extensive distributions and high population densities can also exhibit widespread population losses. In the western United States populations of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens)—historically one of the most widespread frogs in North America—have declined dramatically in abundance and geographic distribution. To assess the status of leopard frogs in Colorado and evaluate causes of decline, we coupled statewide surveys of 196 historically occupied sites with intensive sampling of 274 wetlands stratified by land use. We used an information‐theoretic approach to evaluate the contributions of factors at multiple spatial extents in explaining the contemporary distribution of leopard frogs. Our results indicate leopard frogs have declined in Colorado, but this decline was regionally variable. The lowest proportion of occupied wetlands occurred in eastern Colorado (2–28%), coincident with urban development and colonization by non‐native bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus). Variables at several spatial extents explained observed leopard frog distributional patterns. In low‐elevation wetlands introduced fishes, bullfrogs, and urbanization or suburbanization associated negatively with leopard frog occurrence, whereas wetland area was positively associated with occurrence. Leopard frogs were more abundant and widespread west of the Continental Divide, where urban development and bullfrog abundance were low. Although the pathogenic chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was not selected in our best‐supported models, the nearly complete extirpation of leopard frogs from montane wetlands could reflect the individual or interactive effects of Bd and climate patterns. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple, competing hypotheses to explain species declines, particularly when implicated factors operate at different spatial extents.     

西南典型菜地土壤重金属健康风险和毒性效应

为揭示我国西南典型蔬菜种植区土壤中重金属的污染特征及人体健康风险,选择通海县菜地土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn的积累特征,结合体外胃肠模拟法（SBRC）和胃上皮细胞（GES-1）毒性实验评估土壤中重金属生物可给性与人体健康风险,并利用细胞毒性研究验证健康风险.结果表明：菜地土壤中7种重金属仅Cd的平均含量超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值（GB 15618-2018）,且变异系数（72.73%）最大;Cr、Cd和Zn的平均含量超出了云南省土壤背景值;土壤重金属生物可给性差异较大,Cd的生物可给性（35.31%）最高;研究区可能存在由重金属引起的致癌风险,非致癌风险不明显,Cr、As和Ni是致癌风险的主要贡献元素;基于生物可给性的综合非致癌风险（HI）和综合致癌风险（CR）均小于基于总量的评价结果;健康风险的细胞毒性验证实验表明生物可给态重金属暴露后抑制了细胞活性,改变细胞形态,诱发了明显的胃上皮细胞损伤.     

Rare-Earth Oxide Availability in Market Economy Countries

This paper presents a review by the Bureau of Mines on the 1985 status of the rare earths industry in the Market Economy Countries (MEC). Demonstrated resources for the 38 evaluated MEC properties are estimated at 3.3 million metric tons of recoverable rare-earth oxides. About 75% of the total is contained in producing properties, and 21% are contained in undeveloped properties; the remaining 4% are contained in past producers. Total MEC production in 1985 was estimated at 30 500 mt. Assuming demand does not increase sharply, producing properties can continue to meet overall rare earths demand through at least the end of this century.