当地资源管理中多学科冲突分析和冲突减缓

在瑞典的研究项目"海岸带可持续管理"中,迄今已完成了几项冲突研究.鉴于这些研究的详细结果是分别发表的,本文综述这些冲突研究的重要成果,以及总结和概要讨论海岸带可持续管理资源和冲突研究的方法和主要成果.在关于环境和资源利用冲突的多学科和理论上分析以后,提出了海岸带可持续管理中所使用的方法,即相关利益方和冲突的结合分析.可归纳为以下主要4点:①绘制诸利益相关者及其利益图;②分析所有冲突;③研制减缓冲突和与利益相关者合作的方法;④把这些内容综合到一个系统之下,以便进行自然资源管理.在瑞典东、西海岸已经开展了一些资源利用冲突的范例研究,包括沿岸渔业、贻贝养殖、海岸带规划及具体的冲突,例如种群保护(海豹)和沿岸渔业之间冲突.研究人员既作为专家也作为冲突当事方参与.在冲突研究中,科学家作为利益相关者其作用值得特别注意.冲突管理不仅是为了解决目前的冲突,而且还作为资源综合管理系统的一部分,其中可开展知识转让;建立制度;科学、政治和行政等部门共同学习;以及科学家和资源用户之间合作.     

Local fisheries management at the Swedish coast: biological and social preconditions

Most of the Swedish coastal fisheries are not sustainable from either a social, economic or ecological point of view. We propose the introduction of local fisheries management (LFM) as a tool for restructuring the present large-scale management system in order to achieve sustainability. To implement LFM two questions need to be answered: How to distribute the resource fish among different resource user groups? How to restructure present fisheries management to meet the criteria of sustainability? Starting from these questions we describe possible forms of LFM for Swedish coastal fishery supported by recent research. The biological and social preconditions for restructuring fisheries management are derived from an analysis of the ecological and managerial situation in Swedish fishery. Three types of LFM--owner based, user based, and community based management--are analyzed with regard to the tasks to be carried outin LFM, the roles of management groups, and the definition and optimal size of management areas.     

渔民的利益和合作:瑞典沿岸渔业共同管理的前提

本文在"共同管理"、"参与性管理"或"地方管理"等概念下用不同的理念探讨了渔民参与渔业管理的问题.瑞典渔业范围内的经验研究阐明了关于渔民参与渔业管理先决条件的新观点.在影响成败的重要因素中,我们这里着重探讨了其中两个:渔民利益的明确表达、组织及代表问题和通常参与资源管理合作的各群体即:渔民、政府管理人员以及研究人员之间的信任.本文所概述的研究论及了渔民在资源管理、地方渔业管理方面的利益以及渔民的参与.连接这三个主题的问题是:在渔业管理中如何更好地反映渔民的利益?利益与信任,即"软事实",对于渔业管理和参与的成败而言,可以犹如所有权、资源的数量和质量或资源的货币价值之类的"硬事实"一样的重要.     

Problems of cross-scale coastal management in Scandinavia

Transdisciplinary knowledge integration and cross-scale management remain challenges in coastal management after several decades of research and experience with integrated and sustainable coastal management. The aim of this paper is to identify requirements for knowledge integration and development of multi-scale approaches to coastal management through reviewing and re-analysing three Swedish-European research projects: the SUCOZOMA project about sustainable coastal zone management, the FRAP project about conflicts between coastal fishery and species protection, and the SECOA project about solutions to contrasts in coastal metropolitan areas. The strategy of adaptive governance is considered in the light of its ability to assess knowledge requirements for sustainable resource management under conditions of climate change.     

Interdisciplinary conflict analysis and conflict mitigation in local resource management

Within the Swedish research program SUCOZOMA (Sustainable Coastal Zone Management) several conflict studies have been carried out. Whereas the detailed results of these studies are published separately, this paper reviews important results from conflict research in combination with a summarizing and generalizing discussion of approaches and main results of SUCOZOMA's resource and conflicts studies. After an analysis of interdisciplinary and theoretical research about environmental and resource use conflicts, the methodology used in SUCOZOMA is presented, a combined stakeholder and conflict analysis. It can be summarized in four main points: i) to map the stakeholders and their interests; i) to analyse the conflicts; iii) to develop methods for conflict mitigation and cooperation with stakeholders; iv) to integrate these components in a system for the management of natural resources. Exemplary case studies of resource use conflicts have been carried out at the Swedish west and east coast including coastal fishery, mussel culture, coastal planning and specific conflicts such as between species protection (seals) and coastal fishery. Researchers are involved as experts and as conflicting parties, and the role of scientists as stakeholders deserves special attention in conflict research. Conflict management is not only for the solution of present conflicts, but part of integrated resource management systems where knowledge transfer, institutional development, collective learning of scientific, political and administrative actors, and cooperation between scientists and resource users can occur.     

Fishermen's interests and cooperation: preconditions for joint management of Swedish coastal fisheries

The participation of fishermen in fisheries management is discussed with varying ideas under the notions of "co-management", "participatory management" or "local management". Empirical studies within Swedish fishery have thrown new light on the preconditions for fishermen's participation in fisheries management. Among the important factors influencing failure or success are the two which we discuss here: the question of articulation, organization and representation of interests of fishermen and the question of trust between the groups that are usually cooperating in resource management, fishermen, governmental administrators and researchers. The research summarized has addressed the interests of fishermen with regard to resource management, local fisheries management, and participation of fishermen. The overarching question connecting the three themes is: How can the interests of fishermen be represented better within fisheries management? Interests and trust, "soft facts", can be as important for the success or failure of fisheries management and participation as can "hard facts" such as ownership rights, quantity and quality of resources or monetary value of resources.     

PCBs and PCDD/Fs in lake sediments of Grosser Arbersee, Bavarian Forest, South Germany

Despite their environmental importance, there are still relatively few historical studies of the environmental occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), especially in middle Europe. Trends in PCBs and PCDD/Fs were, therefore, assessed in lake sediments of the Grosser Arbersee over the past 130 years (1860-1990). Ballschmiter-PCB concentrations (congeners # 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) increased between 1946 and 1972 from 4.2 to 32.0 microg kg(-1) dry wt, but have since decreased to 25.6 microg kg(-1) dry wt. High chlorinated PCB congeners reached their maxima earlier (1968-1972) than low chlorinated congeners (1985-1991). These trends were consistent with patterns expected from the production and use of PCBs and their precursors. PCDD/F concentrations increased between 1950 from 0.6 microg kg(-1) dry wt to 2.3 microg kg(-1) dry wt in 1977, falling to 1.7 microg kg(-1) dry wt by 1993. PCDF concentrations exceeded those of PCDD until 1968, but afterwards PCDDs (especially OCDD) were predominant. These patterns suggest that domestic heating and waste combustion were the most likely sources, but pollution from local industries, such as metal smelting and glass production, might also have been involved. The data provide a valuable case study from central Europe which confirms the overall declining trends of PCB and PCDD/F contamination shown elsewhere.