Waste landfill plant and waste disposal plant efficiencies in China

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - As resident awareness of environmental issues has grown, waste disposal has become an important part of urban environmental governance. Most...     

Simultaneous adsorption and immobilization of As and Cd by birnessite-loaded biochar in water and soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A novel biochar was prepared by loading birnessite to improve its capability to simultaneously adsorb As(III), As(V), and Cd(II) in water and soil....     

国家生态环境监测“十四五”展望

"十四五"时期,生态文明改革持续深入,生态环境治理将向精准治污、科学治污、依法治污转变,这对加快推进生态环境监测体系与监测能力现代化提出了迫切要求。因此,本文从网络建设、体制机制、服务效能等方面,对生态环境监测所取得的进展与成效进行了系统分析,并对国家生态环境监测面临的机遇与挑战进行了深入剖析。在此基础上,针对支撑评价排名、服务精准治污、有序衔接新职能、建设大数据平台、强化数据应用、深化综合评价、理顺体制机制、推动产学研用、提升基础能力等方面,提出了"十四五"期间国家生态环境监测发展的相关建议。     

水稻种植对中亚热带红壤丘陵区小流域氮磷养分输出的影响

以湖南省长沙县的脱甲流域(高水稻种植面积比例)和涧山流域(低水稻种植面积比例)为研究对象,对比研究红壤丘陵地区典型农业流域水稻种植对河流水体氮磷浓度和输出强度的影响.连续16个月的监测结果表明,脱甲和涧山流域河流水体均存在比较严重的养分污染,尤其是氮污染;对比两个流域,脱甲流域河流水体的氮磷浓度水平和水质恶化程度均高于涧山流域.从养分组成来看,脱甲流域河流水体中氮以铵态氮为主(占总氮的58.5%),而涧山流域主要是硝态氮(占总氮的76.1%).脱甲流域中可溶性磷占总磷比例为47.1%,高于涧山流域的37.5%.从养分浓度变化的时间动态而言,两个流域河流中各形态氮素水平在1~2月和7月较高,而可溶性磷和总磷在5~6月和10~12月出现两个峰值.由于两个流域河道径流主要集中在水稻种植期间的4~10月,脱甲流域河流中较高的氮磷养分浓度意味着潜在的氮磷流失风险.脱甲流域月平均总氮输出通量为1.67 kg·(hm2·月)-1,总磷为0.06 kg·(hm2·月)-1,均高于涧山流域的0.44 kg·(hm2·月)-1和0.02kg·(hm2·月)-1.考虑到两个流域的气候、地形地貌、土壤类型、农田耕作方式相似而只是水稻种植面积比例不同,因此,在该地区传统的水稻栽培管理模式下,较高面积比例的水稻种植对流域河流水体环境存在潜在威胁.     

亚热带红壤丘陵区浅层地下水氮淋失特征研究

土壤养分累积引起的氮素(N)淋失是导致农区地下水污染的重要原因,也是农业面源污染的重要形式.本文以湖南省长沙县典型亚热带红壤丘陵流域为研究对象,通过连续定位观测,研究了林地、稻田、菜地和茶园4种代表性土地利用类型浅层(130~150 cm)地下水中N浓度的逐月动态变化特征.连续3年(2010—2013年)的观测结果表明:4种土地利用类型下浅层地下水总氮(TN)平均浓度差异显著(p0.05),其中,林地最低(0.85 mg·L-1),茶园最高(7.64 mg·L-1);从N的形态构成来看,林地、菜地和茶园浅层地下水中N形态以硝态氮(NO-3-N)为主,分别占TN的46.7%、70.2%和72.8%,而稻田浅层地下水N形态则以铵态氮(NH+4-N)为主,占TN 43.5%,表明土壤淹水条件是影响地下水N淋失形态的关键因子.地下水各形态N浓度的动态变化在不同土地利用下也迥然不同:林地地下水各形态N的含量低、变幅小,而稻田、菜地和茶园地下水N浓度变幅较大;采用单因子方法对不同土地利用下地下水的水质进行评价,结果表明:研究区浅层地下水中TN和NO-3-N无显著污染,NH+4-N污染较为严重,而综合指数法(F值法)进一步表明研究区浅层地下水污染主要出现在稻田和茶园,因此,控制稻田和茶园N肥的施用量是预防亚热带红壤丘陵区地下水N污染的关键.     

亚热带丘陵小流域土壤有效磷空间变异与淋失风险研究

肥料过施导致的土壤磷素累积和淋失是农业面源污染的重要方面.以湖南省长沙县金井镇脱甲河小流域(52 km2)为研究区,采用高密度布点采样、Arc GIS软件和属性相似反距离加权插值法研究了亚热带丘陵小流域表层(0~20 cm)土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量(以P计,下同)的空间分布特征与磷素的淋失风险.结果表明,菜地、果园、稻田和茶园土壤Olsen-P平均含量为62.0、16.1、14.4和13.7 mg·kg-1,是林地(平均含量为2.36 mg·kg-1)的5.8~26.3倍.5个土地利用类型土壤Olsen-P含量均具有高等变异水平和中等程度的空间自相关性(块基比C0/(C0+C)=50%),这与区内地形地貌、土壤母质、人工施肥等具有密切关系.根据土壤0.01 mol·L-1Ca Cl2浸提态P和Olsen-P的非线性关系可确定区内红壤和水稻土P的淋失风险临界值分别为69.97和98.40 mg·kg-1,并据此对脱甲河小流域土壤磷素淋失的风险进行了定量评价,结果表明旱地土壤具有明显较高的淋失风险,其中中等以上的比例占36.4%,而稻田土壤仅有0.2%,为中等以上淋失风险.因此,控制旱地(尤其是菜地)磷肥的投入是降低亚热带丘陵小流域土壤P淋失风险和减轻农业面源污染的关键.     

Some technical issues in managing PCBs

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were important industrial chemicals featuring high thermal and chemical stability and low flammability. They were widely used as dielectric and thermal fluid in closed electro-technical applications (transformers, capacitors…) and also in numerous dispersive uses, ranking from auto-copying paper to sealant or coatings. During the 1960s, severe environmental consequences started becoming apparent. The stability of PCBs contributed to their persistence in the environment, their lipophilic character to bio-magnification. Fish-eating species seemed threatened in their existence. In Japan and in Taiwan, thousands of people consumed PCB-contaminated oil. The production of PCBs stopped completely during the 1980s. Usage could continue in closed applications only. In this paper, particular attention is given to two issues: the cleaning of PCB electric transformers and the potential impact of PCB-containing building materials. Other contributions will cover the management and treatment of PCB-contaminated soil, sludge or fly ash. The complete survey is being prepared by request of the Knowledge Center for Engineers and Professionals.     

Study on phosphorus loadings in ten natural and agricultural watersheds in subtropical region of China

Water eutrophication in subtropical regions of southern China threatens watershed health and is of major concern. However, annual phosphorus (P) loading and its dominant causes are still unclear, especially at the watershed scale. In this study, we investigated dynamic P loadings and associated factors (e.g., land use, livestock production, and runoff depth) in ten watersheds that varied in area from 9 to 5,212 ha in a hilly area of Hunan Province, China. A flowmeter was installed at the outlet of each watershed, and total P (TP) and soluble P (SP) concentrations were monitored periodically from June 2010 to October 2012. The results showed that annual P loadings (APLs) in the ten watersheds ranged from 22.8 to 247.8 kg P/km² and that P loss primarily occurred from April to June of each year during the main rainfall season in the study area. In addition, the average eutrophication (>0.05 mg P/L) ratio for stream waters was 86.7 % during the study period, which was indicative of a potentially serious condition for the local water environments. Annual P loadings were linearly related to livestock density (LD; R?=?0.92, p?<?0.01), whereas the eutrophication ratio of stream water was significantly (p?<?0.05) correlated with LD (R?=?0.61), percentage cropland (R?=?0.71), and percentage forest cover (R?=??0.68). Thus, it is concluded that the control of livestock production has the greatest potential for reducing P loadings in watersheds in this subtropical area. This will be beneficial to the amelioration and protection of local environment.     

Waste incineration,PVC, and dioxins

Waste incineration is becoming increasingly necessary to tackle the rapidly rising amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW); in China many large cities are already surrounded by a girdle of landfills. Still, the not-in-my-backyard (nimby) syndrome holds strong. This attitude stems from fear of dioxins. These have been associated with incineration (‘dioxin factories’) and at times also with polyvinylchloride. In this paper this issue is analysed. China should build additional trust in MSW incineration, following promulgation of stricter emission standards, enforced by stringent controls.     

钢制薄壁内压容器静强度的可靠性设计

应用随机-模糊概率模型,分析了钢制薄壁内压容器静强度在最苛刻压力试验条件下的可靠度.在压力试验和正常操作时,从控制钢制薄壁内压容器静强度可靠度范围的角度,对其与试验压力系数、超压限制系效及安全系效之间的关系进行定量研究,得到钢制薄壁内压容器的可靠性设计方法.