Physiological responses involved in cadmium tolerance in a high-cadmium-accumulating rice (Oryza sativa L.) line

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The disparity of tolerance in plants in response to Cd stress is associated with multiple physiological processes. A pot experiment was conducted to...     

生物质炭对土壤重金属形态转化及其有效性的影响

为了解土壤重金属形态转化及其有效性对生物质炭修复措施的响应,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn复合污染水稻土为供试土样,添加不同粒径(1 mm和0.25 mm)和不同施用量(0、1%和5%)的竹炭(BB)、稻草炭(RSB)进行为期1年的恒温((25±1)℃)培养试验后,检测土壤p H、有效磷含量及重金属DTPA有效态含量的变化,并采用BCR连续浸提法分析生物质炭对土壤中重金属元素化学形态再分配的影响.结果表明:稻草炭的施用显著(p0.05)提高了土壤的p H值,且在RSB-5%(0.25 mm)处理下效果最显著;稻草炭的施用显著(p0.05)提高了土壤的有效磷含量,且5%用量比1%用量效果更明显;而竹炭的施用对土壤p H值和有效磷含量均无显著性影响;RSB-5%(0.25 mm)处理对降低土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn有效态含量的效果最佳,分别减少了34.5%、50.1%、52.5%和52.1%;在细粒径(0.25 mm)稻草炭处理下,酸溶态Cd和Cu向可还原态和可氧化态转化,酸溶态Zn向可还原态转化;在粗粒径(1 mm)竹炭处理下,酸溶态Cu和Zn向可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态转化;酸溶态Pb在稻草炭处理下向可还原态和可氧化态转化,且细粒径比粗粒径效果更佳;竹炭和稻草炭的施用改变了土壤中上述重金属各形态的分配,且5%用量比1%用量效果更明显.     

丹江口库区湿地自然保护区现状及保护对策

湖北丹江口库区湿地自然保护区是"内陆湿地和水域生态系统类型"自然保护区,但受人为活动的影响,水文情势改变,保护区的湿地生态系统受到一定的威胁。基于丹江口库区湿地自然保护区现状,从合理调整保护区范围、全面加强湿地生态建设、加强环境污染防治、建立有效的湿地保护管理协调机制、加强湿地保护知识的宣传等方面,构建和谐生态,实现人与自然协调发展。     

Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants

Soil contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants has increasingly become a serious global environmental issue in recent years. Considerable efforts have been made to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar has a large surface area, and high capacity to adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants. Biochar can potentially be used to reduce the bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soils through adsorption and other physicochemical reactions. Biochar is typically an alkaline material which can increase soil pH and contribute to stabilization of heavy metals. Application of biochar for remediation of contaminated soils may provide a new solution to the soil pollution problem. This paper provides an overview on the impact of biochar on the environmental fate and mobility of heavy metals and organic pollutants in contaminated soils and its implication for remediation of contaminated soils. Further research directions are identified to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar as a soil amendment for remediation of contaminated soils.     

Lead tolerance and physiological adaptation mechanism in roots of accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii

Background, aim and scope

Lead (Pb) accumulation in soils affects plants primarily through their root systems. The aim of this study was to investigate early symptoms of the loss of membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation in root tissues and physiological adaptation mechanism to Pb in accumulating ecotypes (AE) and non-accumulating ecotypes (NAE) of Sedum alfredii under Pb stress in hydroponics.

Methods and results

Histochemical in situ analyses, fluorescence imaging, and normal physiological analysis were used in this study. Pb accumulation in roots of both AE and NAE increased linearly with increasing Pb levels (0?C200???M), and a significant difference between both ecotypes was noted. Both loss of plasma membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation in root tissues became serious with increasing Pb levels, maximum tolerable Pb level was 25 and 100???M for NAE and AE, respectively. Pb supplied at a toxic level caused a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in root cells in both ecotypes. However, the root cells of AE had inherently higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and lipoxygenase (LOX) in control plants, and the induction response of these antioxidant enzymes occurred at lower Pb level in AE than NAE. AE plants maintained higher ascorbic acid and H₂O₂ concentrations in root cells than NAE when exposed to different Pb levels, and Pb induced more increase in dehydroascorbate (DHA), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in AE than NAE roots.

Discussion and conclusion

Results indicate that histochemical in situ analyses of root cell death and lipid peroxidation under Pb short-term stress was sensitive, reliable, and fast. Higher tolerance in roots of accumulating ecotype under Pb stress did depend on effective free oxygen scavenging by making complex function of both constitutively higher activities and sensitive induction of key antioxidant enzymes in root cells of S. alfredii.     

Heavy metal phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii is affected by continual clipping and phosphorus fertilization amendment

Improving the efficacy of phytoextraction is critical for its successful application in metal contaminated soils. Mineral nutrition affects plant growth and metal absorption and subsequently the accumulation of heavy metal through hyper-accumulator plants. This study assessed the effects of di-hydrogen phosphates (KH₂PO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, NaH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄) application at three levels (22, 88 and 352 mg P/kg soil) on Sedum alfredii growth and metal uptake by three consecutive harvests on aged and Zn/Cd combined contaminated paddy soil. The addition of phosphates (P) significantly increased the amount of Zn taken up by S. alfredii due to increased shoot Zn concentration and dry matter yield (DMY) (P<0.05). The highest phytoextraction of Zn and Cd was observed in KH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄ treatment at 352 mg P/kg soil. The amount of Zn removed by phytoextraction increased in the order of 1st clipping<2nd clipping<3rd clipping, and for Cd extraction the order was 2nd clipping<1st clipping<3rd clipping. These results indicate that the application of P fertilizers coupled with multiple cuttings can enhance the removal of Zn and Cd from contaminated soils by S. alfredii, thus shortening the time needed for accomplishing remediation goals.     

长输管道事故应急决策过程优化研究

针对长输管道事故应急决策指挥体系,综合应用系统科学的理论知识,结合ECOM模型对应急决策控制过程的特点进行全面的分析。在科学分析的基础上,从应急决策指挥体系组织结构与应急行动策划流程两个方面,对长输管道事故应急决策控制过程实现优化,实现了科学合理的组织结构以及高效、迅捷的决策过程,从而提高整个应急响应系统的应急水平。     

武汉盾构施工对地表及建筑物影响数值模拟预测研究

为了探究武汉4号线拟建地铁工程盾构施工对地表及周围建筑物沉降的安全性影响,选取某工程地质剖面研究对地表沉降的影响,并特选取该地铁盾构工程埋深较浅处的邻近建筑物进行研究.采用三维数值模拟软件进行实体化建模.并根据相关规范编制安全性判读软件,将所得结果导入后得出结论:盾构施工对建筑物的影响在规范允许范围内.     

Seasonal and spatial variations of acid-volatile sulphide and simultaneously extracted metals in the Yangtze River Estuary

Surface sediments were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in May 2012, August 2012, November 2012 and February 2013 to analyse the seasonal and spatial distributions of acid-volatile sulphide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) and the sediment toxicity. An optimised method was used for the AVS and SEM analysis and the results showed that the seasonal variations of AVS were positively correlated with changes in water temperature and the position of higher AVS was relatively fixed. The average of SEM was gradually increased from May 2012 to February 2013 and there were abnormally high values of SEM_Cu and SEM_Ni in the YRE. Concentrations of the five SEM components were in the following order: Cd?相似文献   

化工安全评价探讨

安全评价在化工行业中占有重要地位。安全评价的方法随着科技的进步也有了长足地发展。本文通过对国内外化工安全评价现状的分析，详细地比较了几种常用。在此基础上，提出一套可行的评价方案，并结合具体项目，运用该方案分析了项目的危险等级，制定了预防措施。