环境中的药物——LC-MS/MS分析地表水和地下水

成百上千的活性物质正被用于人药和兽药处方中.由于药物的广泛应用,它们的残留物可通过多种途径进入环境.虽然主要通过尿和粪便的排泄,但是药品生产中的排放也应被考虑.当抗生素用于水产业,就会产生更直接的影响.污水处理设备不能完全除去药物,因此药物会出现在地表和地下水样品中.近年来,人们对环境中药物的兴趣正在增加,需要建立一种快速、灵敏、有选择性的方法来分析水样.     

Cross-sectional biomonitoring study of pesticide exposures in Queensland,Australia, using pooled urine samples

A range of pesticides are available in Australia for use in agricultural and domestic settings to control pests, including organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, herbicides, and insect repellents, such as N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). The aim of this study was to provide a cost-effective preliminary assessment of background exposure to a range of pesticides among a convenience sample of Australian residents. De-identified urine specimens stratified by age and sex were obtained from a community-based pathology laboratory and pooled (n = 24 pools of 100 specimens). Concentrations of urinary pesticide biomarkers were quantified using solid-phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric mean biomarker concentrations ranged from <0.1 to 36.8 ng/mL for organophosphate insecticides, <0.1 to 5.5 ng/mL for pyrethroid insecticides, and <0.1 to 8.51 ng/mL for all other biomarkers with the exception of the DEET metabolite 3-diethylcarbamoyl benzoic acid (4.23 to 850 ng/mL). We observed no association between age and concentration for most biomarkers measured but noted a “U-shaped” trend for five organophosphate metabolites, with the highest concentrations observed in the youngest and oldest age strata, perhaps related to age-specific differences in behavior or physiology. The fact that concentrations of specific and non-specific metabolites of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos were higher than reported in USA and Canada may relate to differences in registered applications among countries. Additional biomonitoring programs of the general population and focusing on vulnerable populations would improve the exposure assessment and the monitoring of temporal exposure trends as usage patterns of pesticide products in Australia change over time.     

Sequential treatment via Trametes versicolor and UV/TiO2/Ru(x)Se(y) to reduce contaminants in waste water resulting from the bleaching process during paper production

An efficient sequential, biological and photocatalytic treatment to reduce the pollutant levels in wastewater due to the bleaching process during paper production is reported. For a biological pre-treatment, 800 ml of non-sterilized effluent was inoculated with Trametes versicolor immobilized in polyurethane foam, with 25 g l(-1) glucose, 6.75 mM CuSO(4), and 0.22 mM MnSO(4) added, and cultured at 25 degrees C with an air flow of 800 ml min(-1) for 8d. The fungus did not inhibit growth of the heterotropic populations of the effluent. After 4d of culture, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and colour removal (CR) were 82% and 80%, respectively, with laccase (LAC) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities of 345 U l(-1) and 78 U l(-1), respectively. The COD reduction and CR correlated positively (p<0.0001) with LAC and MnP activities. Chlorophenol removal was 99% of pentachlorophenol, 99% of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TCP), 98% of 3,4-dichlorophenol (3,4-DCP) and 77% of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), while 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) increased to 0.2 mg l(-1). The pre-treated effluent was then exposed to a photocatalytic treatment. The treatment with photolysis resulted in 9% CR and 46% COD reduction, 42% CR and 60% COD reduction by photocatalysis, and 62% CR and 85% COD reduction by heterogeneous photocatalysis with the system TiO(2)/Ru(x)Se(y) (Fig. 4). With this treatment the bacterial and fungal populations also decreased by 5 logarithmic units with respect to the biological treatment alone (Fig. 5). The total sequential treatment resulted in a 92% CR (from 5800 UC), 97% COD reduction (from 59 g l(-1)) and 99% chlorophenol removal at 96 h and 20 min.     

Mass balance and characterization of bio-oil from sludge pyrolysis generated in the treatment of effluent from the biodiesel industry

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The present work produced bio-oil from the pyrolysis of sludge from the biodiesel processing industry in a fixed bed reactor, aiming at industrial...