高效氨氧化菌群富集、驯化及其动态变化规律分析

利用选择性培养基对氨氧化菌群进行了连续驯化,得到了氨氮去除效率稳定的氨氧化菌群。采用平板菌落计数法结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术考察了氨氧化菌群在连续传代过程中数量及群落结构的动态变化,并考察了pH值、碳源(HCO3-)浓度和氨氮浓度等因素对氨氧化菌群去除氨氮效率的影响。结果表明,通过连续驯化,氨氧化菌的比例由最初的1.8%提高到了31.3%。在碳源浓度为1.5 mg/L,NH4+-N初始浓度为200 mg/L,pH值为8的条件下,菌群对氨氮的去除率达99%以上。     

CeMn氧化物催化剂的制备及其对甲苯的催化降解性能

采用草酸沉淀法合成了铈锰 氧化物（CeMn氧化物）催化剂,在固定床反应器中考察了不同Ce-Mn摩尔比、空速对CeMn 氧化物催化剂催化降解甲苯效果的影响,通过XRD、SEM、XPS等技术表征了催化剂的理化性质。实验结果表明：当n（Ce）∶n（Mn）=1∶3时得到的Ce₁Mn₃催化剂降解甲苯的活性最佳,T₅₀=198 ℃,T₉₀=249 ℃,且Ce₁Mn₃催化剂具有较好的活性稳定性;随着空速的增加,Ce₁Mn₃催化降解甲苯的性能变差。表征结果表明：CeMn氧化物形成的Ce-Mn固溶体使CeMn氧化物表面氧空位浓度增加,加快了氧物种在催化剂内部及表面的流动传输;Ce氧化物与Mn氧化物之间的协同作用使催化剂的还原峰向低温方向偏移,CeMn氧化物展现出更优异的低温活性。     

The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

•Bacterial concentrations from eight stages were 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. •Diameter influenced clustering of bacterial and HPB lineages. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 2.42 to 5.09 μm in composting areas. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 3.70 to 8.96 μm in packaging areas. •HPB had high concentrations and small sizes in composting areas. Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols. However, limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior. In this study, different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility. Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR. Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index, the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas. For airborne bacteria from different stages, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant genera was Bacillus. Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas. Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09 μm, most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus. However, in the packaging areas, the deposition of HPB (diameters 3.70 to 8.96 μm) occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract. Our results on the size distribution, abundance, and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.     

A comparison of antibiotics,antibiotic resistance genes,and bacterial community in broiler and layer manure following composting

Animal manure is an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. However, the difference of antibiotic residues and ARG profiles in layer and broiler manure as well as their compost remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the profiles of twelve antibiotics, seventeen ARGs, and class 1 integrase gene (intI1) in layer and broiler manure, and the corresponding compost at large-scale. Compared with layer manure, broiler manure exhibited approximately six times more residual tetracyclines, especially chlortetracycline. The relative abundances of qnrS and ermA genes in broiler manure were significantly higher than those in layer manure. The concentration of tetracyclines not only had a significantly positive correlation with tetracycline resistance genes (tetA and tetC) but was also positively correlated with quinolone resistance (qepA, qnrB, and qnrS) and macrolide resistance (ermA and ermT). Most ARGs in manure were reduced after composting. However, the relative abundance of sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 increased up to 2.41% after composting, which was significantly higher than that of broiler (0.41%) and layer (0.62%) manure. The associated bacterial community was characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The relative abundances of thermophilic bacteria had significant positive correlations with the abundance of sul1 in compost. The composting has a significant impact on the ARG-associated gut microbes in poultry manure. Variation partitioning analysis indicated that the change of bacterial community compositions and antibiotics contributed partially to the shift in ARG profiles. The results indicate that at industry-scale production broiler manure had more antibiotics and ARGs than layer manure did, and composting decreased most ARG abundances in poultry manure except for sulfonamide resistance genes.

     

膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

鹤岗煤田开采区矿震烈度衰减关系研究

依据鹤岗煤田强矿震对地面影响的调查资料及地震烈度衰减理论,采用椭圆衰减模型回归计算了沿长轴与短轴方向矿震烈度的衰减关系。建立了鹤岗煤田矿震烈度衰减模型,应用矿震烈度衰减关系,讨论发生最大震级ML:4.2矿震的极震区地震烈度及其影响。     

乌东德库区消落带土壤水分分布特征

消落带土壤水分是制约植物生长发育的关键因素,对库区消落带生态修复意义重大.本文系统分析了乌东德库区消落带修复试验区土壤含水量分布,探索了土壤水分空间变化和影响因素.结果表明:研究区5月水分含量低于5％,不同试验分区和高程区域土壤水分分布受到微地形、土壤特征、植被类型和植被覆盖度等影响.土壤水分随深度变化的主控因素包括地...     

SmMnO3钙钛矿型氧化物的制备及其催化氧化甲苯性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SmMnO3钙钛矿型氧化物,将其作为催化剂,在固定床反应器中研究了催化剂的焙烧温度和混合气体积空速对甲苯催化氧化效果的影响,并通过XRD、SEM、XPS、H2-TPR等技术表征了催化剂的微结构及化学性质.结果表明:催化剂对甲苯的催化氧化活性随焙烧温度升高而提高;焙烧温度为800℃时制备的催化剂(S...     

油藏厌氧微生物研究进展

地下深层油藏是独特的缺氧环境,目前还没有直接的微生物学证据表明油藏中存在真正意义上的“本源微生物”,但经注水开发后的油藏中确实蕴藏着复杂的微生物区系.油藏性质决定了油藏厌氧微生物特殊的群落结构,而油藏微生物的作用也可以改变油藏的理化及地质学特性.油藏中厌氧微生物按生理类群主要可分为发酵细菌、硝酸盐还原菌、铁还原菌、硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷古菌.本文综述了国内外近年来油藏微生物学的研究进展,简述了微生物分子生态学在油藏微生物学研究中的应用,并对当前的研究提出了一些思考.图1参37     

鸡粪模拟堆肥中多重耐药菌、耐药基因和整合酶基因的消减动力学解析

为掌握多重耐药菌、耐药基因和整合酶基因在鸡粪堆肥过程中的消减动力学规律,试验外源添加多重耐药菌,并以其携带的磺胺类耐药基因(sul2)、多肽类耐药基因(mcr-1)、喹诺酮类基因(oqxB)和Ⅰ类整合酶基因(intI1)作为典型污染物,开展模拟堆肥试验. 结果表明:可培养的多重耐药大肠杆菌数量在3 d的高温后得到完全灭活;堆肥10 d后,多重耐药菌总量下降了4～6个数量级. 在高温堆肥过程中耐药基因的绝对丰度随着堆肥过程的进行而逐渐降低,耐药基因aadA、sul2、mcr-1、oqxB的消减率分别为89.39%、97.99%、99.89%、99.81%,intI1基因的消减率高于80%;大多数耐药基因的相对丰度表现出先降低后略微升高的趋势. 基于基因绝对丰度的非线性回归分析表明,“独立”耐药基因(oqxB、mcr-1)的消减速率明显高于与Ⅰ类整合酶基因相连的基因(aadA),多重耐药大肠杆菌16S rRNA基因消减速率为0.128 d?1,半消减期为5.41 d. 堆肥对耐药基因绝对丰度的消减速率高于相对丰度. 研究显示,堆肥可以有效消减鸡粪中多重耐药菌,耐药基因消减规律符合一级动力学方程,与Ⅰ类整合酶基因相连耐药基因消减速率慢于“独立”耐药基因,4种耐药基因的半消减期为1.69~5.81 d.