Combination with catalyzed Fe(0)-carbon microelectrolysis and activated carbon adsorption for advanced reclaimed water treatment: simultaneous nitrate and biorefractory organics removal

A process combining catalyzed Fe(0)-carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) with activated carbon (AC) adsorption was developed for advanced reclaimed water treatment. Simultaneous nitrate reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were achieved, and the effects of composite catalyst (CC) addition, AC addition, and initial pH were investigated. The reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that CC addition could enhance the reduction rate of nitrate and effectively inhibit the production of ammonia. Moreover, AC addition increased the adsorption capacity of biorefractory organic compounds (BROs) and enhanced the degradation of BRO. The reduction of NO₃^?–N at different pH values was consistently greater than 96.9%, and NH₄⁺–N was suppressed by high pH. The presence of CC ensured the reaction rate of IC-ME at high pH. The reaction kinetics orders and constants were calculated. Catalyzed iron scrap (IS)-AC showed much better nitrate reduction and BRO degradation performances than IS-AC and AC. The IC-ME showed great potential for application to nitrate and BRO reduction in reclaimed water.

     

不同暴露途径下有机污染物对大鼠急性毒性的相关性研究

不同暴露途径下有机物在生物体内的吸收分布不同,导致毒性效应亦不同,研究化学品在不同暴露途径下对生物体的毒性,对化学品的安全性评价有实际意义。本文通过研究静脉注射、腹腔注射、肌肉注射与经口灌胃4种暴露途径下527个有机物对大鼠的急性毒性数据相关性,比较了不同暴露途径下大鼠对有机污染物的敏感度顺序,结果为:静脉注射>腹腔注射>肌肉注射>经口灌胃途径,静脉注射途径下log1/LD50与其他几种注射途径下的log1/LD50有较显著的相关性,但是与灌胃途径下毒性值之间的相关性较差,相关系数r的范围为0.82~0.97。通过逐项分析研究不同暴露途径下化合物对大鼠的急性毒性与生物利用度、吸收速率、消除速率以及代谢过程的关系,结果表明,导致这种差异的原因主要是有机污染物在大鼠体内的吸附动力学过程不同所致。     

Evaluation of efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment and identification of daily inspection indices: a case study in Changchun, China

Evaluation of the efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment has previously been conducted to prevent pollution of the environment. The current study aimed to provide a set of practical methods for efficient airport sanitary supervision. Aircraft liquid waste was collected at Longjia International Airport, Changchun from multiple flights. The efficiency of liquid waste treatment as well as the water quality of the wastewater processed via a second-stage wastewater facility were examined by measuring a number of physical, chemical, and biological indices. Our results indicated that treatment solely via resolvable sanitizing liquid was not sufficient. Although the contents of first-class pollutants all met the requirements of the standard criteria, the contents of a number of second-class pollutants did not satisfy these criteria. However, after further treatment via a second-stage wastewater facility installed at the airport, all indices reached second-grade requirements of the discharge standard. We suggest that daily inspection and quarantine indices at airports should include the suspension content, biological oxygen demands after 5 days, chemical oxygen demand total organic carbon content, amino nitrogen content, total phosphorous content, and the level of fecal coliforms.     

部分取代苯类在江水中的生物降解与结构相关性研究

测定了２７种取代苯类化合物在松花江江水中的生物降解性．采用量子化学ＭＯＰＡＣ６．０－ＡＭ１法计算了化合物的分子量(ＭＷ)、生成热(Ｈｆ)、分子总表面积(ＴＳＡ)及最高占有轨道能(ＥＨＯＭＯ),结合辛醇/水分配系数ｌｇｐ及酸解离常数ｐＫａ对其中２２种化合物的ＢＯＤ值进行多元线性回归分析,得到如下模型:ＢＯＤ＝１０５．７３－０．４３９ＭＷ－０．０７６Ｈｆ－６．６６０ｌｇＰｎ＝２２,Ｒ２＝０．８２１,ＳＥ＝８．２５０,Ｆ＝２７．５６,Ｐ＝０．０００应用所得模型对其余５个化合物的生物降解性进行了预测．只有一个化合物的相对预测误差大于２０%,为２０．８%．平均预测误差为１２．４%．     

可离子化有机污染物对大型溞的毒性及QSAR研究

取代苯酚、苯胺和苯甲酸类化合物是在环境水体中具有较强生物毒性的芳香族可离子化有机化合物,它们在水体中对水生生物和水生生态系统都有较大危害。测定此类化合物在p H值为6、7.8和9的条件下对大型溞的24 h急性毒性,计算化合物在不同p H值条件下的中性态分子所占比例F0。研究毒性与F0的相关性,结果表明F0对取代苯酚和苯甲酸类化合物的毒性的影响较大而对取代苯胺毒性的影响很小。对于卤代苯甲酸类化合物,毒性与疏水性的相关性较好,但是羟基苯甲酸类化合物的毒性与疏水性参数的相关性很差,引入量子化学参数EHOMO和取代羟基个数NOH,可以改进苯甲酸类化合物的模型的质量。     

新烟碱类农药的污染现状及转化行为研究进展

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)农药自在20世纪80年代中期引入以来,便发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。近年来,该类化合物在环境中被不断检出,并通过饮用水和食物等方式进入食物链,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。文章综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂在空气、土壤、水相、生物体和人体中的暴露浓度,以及这类农药在环境中的转化行为。目前针对新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。关于新烟碱类化合物的毒理学研究主要集中在急性毒性试验,而对于其他形式的毒性效应有待进一步研究。最后对新烟碱农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: gas concentrations

Comprehensive field studies were initiated in 2002 to measure emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), particulate matter <10 microm in diameter, and total suspended particulate from swine and poultry production buildings in the United States. This paper focuses on the quasicontinuous gas concentration measurement at multiple locations among paired barns in seven states. Documented principles, used in air pollution monitoring at industrial sources, were applied in developing quality assurance (QA) project plans for these studies. Air was sampled from multiple locations with each gas analyzed with one high quality commercial gas analyzer that was located in an environmentally controlled on-farm instrument shelter. A nominal 4 L/min gas sampling system was designed and constructed with Teflon wetted surfaces, bypass pumping, and sample line flow and pressure sensors. Three-way solenoids were used to automatically switch between multiple gas sampling lines with > or =10 min sampling intervals. Inside and outside gas sampling probes were between 10 and 115 m away from the analyzers. Analyzers used chemiluminescence, fluorescence, photoacoustic infrared, and photoionization detectors for NH3, H2S, CO2, CH4, and NMHC, respectively. Data were collected using personal computer-based data acquisition hardware and software. This paper discusses the methodology of gas concentration measurements and the unique challenges that livestock barns pose for achieving desired accuracy and precision, data representativeness, comparability and completeness, and instrument calibration and maintenance.     

取代芳烃对发光菌的毒性及定量结构与活性相关

通过测定取代芳烃对发光菌毒性，用Ｆｒｅｅ－Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ法和分子连接性法研究了取代芳烃结构与活性的相关性，取代基的毒性顺序为：－Ｂｒ＞－ＣＯＯＨ＞－ＮＯ２≈－Ｃｌ＞－ＣＨ３＞ＮＨ２。建立了ＥＣ５０与ＬＣ５０的相关性，并预测一些化合物的ＬＣ５０值，结果和实测值符合较好。     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.