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Lingbing Wu Huaping Zhang Ting He Zeliang Liu Yu Peng 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(2):205-212
Sexual cannibalism is hypothesized to have evolved as a way to obtain a high-quality meal, as an extreme mate choice or as a consequence of female aggressive spillover. Here, we examined underlying factors likely to influence sexual cannibalism in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) from China, including mating status, female egg-laid status, female hunger level, female adult age and mate size dimorphism. The results showed that about 10 % of P. pseudoannulata virgin females cannibalized the approaching males before mating and that 28 % of P. pseudoannulata virgin females immediately cannibalized the males after mating. No incidents of sexual cannibalism during copulation were observed. Before mating, previously mated females and starved females tended to engage in significantly higher rates of attacks compared to virgin and well-fed females. Females that had laid egg sacs tended to engage in a significantly higher rate of attacks and sexual cannibalism than virgin females before mating. Regardless of pre- or post-mating, there was a strong positive relationship between mate size dimorphism and the occurrence of sexual cannibalism. We also tested the effects of sexual cannibalism on the fecundity of cannibalistic females and the survival of their offspring. Our results indicated that sexual cannibalism affected positively the offspring survival of cannibalistic females, but not fecundity. Our findings support the hypothesis that sexual cannibalism has evolved as an adaptive component of female foraging strategy and that it benefits offspring survival as a result of paternal investment. 相似文献
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目的 解决西部某气田井场分离器液相出口管线法兰严重腐蚀问题。方法 通过宏观形貌观察、无损检测、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、力学性能测试、腐蚀区域微观形貌观察、腐蚀产物物相分析以及腐蚀电化学实验的方法,分析该法兰发生腐蚀的原因。结果 A105制法兰与316L制密封圈存在较强的电偶腐蚀倾向。结论 电偶腐蚀是导致法兰面严重腐蚀的主要原因,另外,液相管线停用前放空不彻底,法兰底部存在积液,导致气液界面位置叠加发生水线腐蚀。根据法兰腐蚀原因提出了针对性的防腐建议。 相似文献
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农田氮肥和垃圾填埋场渗滤液是我国地下水氮素污染的两大来源,从氮肥-垃圾渗滤液复合影响区域内采集6份土壤剖面-地下水样品,分析非饱和-饱和带全剖面中氮素的分布特征,来清晰判识该类典型区域的氮素跨介质污染特征和途径,同时通过高通量测序进行氮循环功能微生物分析,来解析氮循环功能微生物对氮素分布的响应.结果发现,在高施肥量采样点中,土壤中的硝态氮(NO3--N)和溶解性有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON)含量均显著高于低施肥量采样点(p<0.01),NO3--N大量分布在深度0~240 cm的土壤中(p<0.05),部分NO3--N下渗进入地下水,高施肥量采样点地下水中NO3--N浓度在总溶解性氮(Total Dissolved Nitrogen,TDN)中占比达31.93%~84.70%,硝化菌在氮循环功能菌中占比为27.08%~87.99%,说明氮肥是该区域地下水NO3--N的主要来源.铵态氮(NH4+-N)在非饱和带深度0~20 cm和400~460 cm的范围内含量较高(p<0.05),垃圾填埋场下游的地下水NH4+-N浓度均超标,在TDN中占比为26.40%~59.71%.统计分析表明,垃圾填埋场渗滤液可能是造成地下水中NH4+-N浓度空间差异的重要因素,并很可能是导致地下水位波动带附近出现NH4+-N高积累的主要原因(p<0.05).这些结果将有助于复合影响区氮素的污染评估和防控. 相似文献
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土壤铅污染及其危害备受关注。作为评估其对人体健康风险的科学指标之一,土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素仍不甚明确。采集中国5种典型土壤(红壤、褐土、黑土、棕壤和黄壤),根据国标中一类建设用地的管制值制备成800 mg·kg-1的铅污染土壤样品,利用先进的基于生理学的体外试验方法(改进的PBET模型)研究经口部摄入的土壤铅的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险,进而从土壤理化性质和铅的赋存形态角度,全面综合地探讨土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素,并分析不同土壤间差异的原因。结果表明,土壤铅在胃阶段的生物可给性为72.7%—82.6%,各类型土壤间差异极显著,其中红壤较高而黑土较低;进入小肠阶段后,土壤铅的生物可给性极显著降低至22.8%—27.7%,各类型土壤间无显著差异。土壤铅对人体的健康风险评估结果与之相同。对儿童而言,土壤铅在胃阶段的非致癌风险达到可接受限值的2.1倍;且整体而言,土壤铅对儿童的非致癌风险平均达到成人的7.6倍,必须加以重视。此外,土壤铅的生物可给性与土壤pH、有机质质量分数和迁移系数均存在高度显著相关性,其中,土壤pH是影响土壤铅在胃肠道的生物可给性的主导因子。通过体外试验可直接、简便而准确地获取土壤铅的生物可给性信息,建议在今后实地的污染土壤健康风险评估工作中引入该方法。该研究成果将为铅污染土壤健康风险评估工作提供准确的科学依据与有价值的参考。 相似文献
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Jia Jia Zhu Zeliang Xue Xue Li Xuening Wang Zaizhao 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(50):75841-75850
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The selective pressure of the living surroundings is a key factor in the development of resistance profiles in pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas... 相似文献
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