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1.
Exporting natural capital: the foreign eco-footprint on Costa Rica and implications for sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As the world economy ‘globalizes’, trade has become a major mechanism by which much of the human population supports its needs.
While trade in resource commodities (natural income) can increase the well-being of people in both exporting and importing
countries, it can also lead to depletion of natural capital and the loss of ecosystems integrity. In recent years, various
researchers have attempted to address this problem using a consumption-based perspective on ecological change. Their work
shows that the loss of ecosystem integrity in almost any region of the world can be attributed to both local and international
consumer demand. This paper illustrates the utility of modified eco-footprint analysis in assessing export-related ecological
change in Costa Rica. We quantify ecological footprint of consumers around the world on the productive ecosystems of Costa
Rica, document the changing character of this footprint and highlight some of the linkages between production for export in
Costa Rica and ecological degradation. We then discuss the implications of the increasing trade-based entanglement of nations
for ecosystems and global sustainability. 相似文献
2.
GARETH Rees 《The Environmentalist》1999,19(1):35-38
This paper addresses the complex issue of recreational exposure to sewage contaminated waters. The types of hazard encountered are discussed and contextualised. Microbial measures of sewage contamination prove to be extremely unreliable. The links between microbial indicators and water quality and between water quality and demonstrable health effects are variable at best. The outcomes of epidemiological studies agree in general terms-exposed populations exhibit more symptoms-but rarely agree in specifics, such as threshold levels for particular indicator organisms. The drive to improve Europe's bathing beaches initiated by the European Union in its bathing water directive has been a temendous force for change. However, the investment of huge sums of money based on compliance with flawed microbiological standards is entirely inappropriate. Instead a holistic approach based on the assessment of all factors likely to promote risk to recreators is proposed. Such a beach registration scheme would remove the necessity to comply with fundamentally flawed and meaningless numerical standards. 相似文献
3.
J.M. Rees 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2001,1(3):333-343
The Third ERCOFTAC conference on `Mixing in Geophysical and Astrophysical Flows' was held at the University of Sheffield over the period 12–14 April 2000. The meeting attracted over forty participants from ten different countries. Some delegates had travelled from as far as U.S.A., Venezuela, Australia, Russia and Sweden to attend the conference. Nine invited papers were presented along with twenty-seven contributed oral presentations and six posters. The main topics discussed included stratified and rotating flows, gravity waves, turbulence and mixing. The presentations are summarised in this report, which aims to provide a broad account of current topics of interest related to mixing processes in geophysical and astrophysical flows. 相似文献
4.
5.
基于RuO2-IrO2/Ti形稳电极和Fe0牺牲电极实现电氧化-电絮凝(EO-EC)一体化处理含Tl (I)废水,并与单一的电絮凝(EC)进行比较,探讨了EO-EC处理含Tl废水的机理.结果表明,相较于单一EC,EO-EC (1:1)组合技术适应于宽pH (4-10)以及电流密度范围(5-20mA/cm2)下含Tl废水高效处理,且不易发生钝化;活性氯以及氧化还原电位在Tl (I)间接氧化Tl (III)过程中扮演重要角色,沉淀分析表明生成的Tl (OH)3(s)与絮体Fe (OH)3(am)共沉淀,纤铁矿位点可吸附残留Tl (I).EO-EC一体化技术可满足实际含Tl废水达标处理(<2µg/L)且具有经济可行性. 相似文献
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7.
Ultrasound examination at 12 weeks' gestation revealed severe generalised subcutaneous oedema in a pregnancy at risk for achondrogenesis type II. Transvaginal scanning confirmed the oedema and suggested abnormal limb development. The prenatal diagnosis was confirmed by X-ray examination after transvaginal termination. 相似文献
8.
Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Rees WE 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,86(1-2):29-45
This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflictbetween economic development (generally taken to mean 'materialeconomic growth') and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineraldeposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of 'natural capital' that represent highly-ordered self-producing ecosystemsor rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases,acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds.These all represent disordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economyrelationship in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. Fromthis perspective, the production of economic goods andservices invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economynecessarily 'feeds' on sources of high-quality energy/matter first produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenizethe ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplificationof natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary political rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilitybetween a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly inthe face of contemporary development trends and cultural values. 相似文献
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10.
P.J. Somerfield M. Atkins S.G. Bolam K.R. Clarke E. Garnacho H.L. Rees R. Smith R.M. Warwick 《Marine Biology》2006,148(6):1231-1240
Phylum-level meta-analysis was applied to 192 samples from a variety of dredgings disposal and relocation sites around the
coast of England and Wales. No consistent relationship was found between the disturbance status of macrobenthic communities
within disposal sites and the nature or amount of dredgings disposed. Differences between samples within and outside disposal
sites were generally smaller than differences between different sites and various patterns of impact were detected. It is
concluded that dredgings disposal has two contrasting impacts on benthic communities. One, associated with organic enrichment,
leads to communities dominated by annelids and nematodes. The other, associated with intense physical disturbance, favours
large motile or armoured forms, such as bivalve molluscs and crustaceans. These effects may act antagonistically, and in a
phylum-level meta-analysis may cancel each other out. None of the samples examined from offshore disposal sites was grossly
disturbed, in terms of the proportional contribution to production from different phyla, and overall most samples ranged from
moderately disturbed to undisturbed. The ecological impacts associated with the intertidal placement of material (beneficial
use schemes) were comparable to those observed for the conventional sea disposal sites. 相似文献