沼泽湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数构建与健康评价

依据2017年5、7、9月对三江平原19处沼泽湿地(参照湿地6处,受损湿地13处)的水生无脊椎动物采样结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建水生无脊椎动物完整性指数,评价三江平原沼泽湿地健康状况。通过对27个候选指标的分布范围、判别能力和相关性分析,筛选出总分类单元数、扁卷螺科百分比、龙虱科百分比、刮食者百分比4个指标构成水生无脊椎动物完整性指数核心指标。采用比值法计算各指标参数值,将各参数值加和得到水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值。根据参照湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值的25%分位数值确定评价标准,对小于25%分位数的值进行三等分,确定三江平原沼泽湿地健康评价标准:≥2.58,无干扰;1.72～2.58,轻度干扰;0.86～1.72,中度干扰;0～0.86,重度干扰。结果表明:所调查的三江平原沼泽湿地有78.95%受到不同程度的干扰(其中47.37%受到了中重度干扰),21.05%属于无干扰。     

Microfiber pollution: an ongoing major environmental issue related to the sustainable development of textile and clothing industry

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Textiles release microfibers to the environment during production, use, and at end-of-life disposal. There is a potentially large and growing risk to...     

Characteristics of residual organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land-use types on a coastal plain of the Yellow River Delta

The residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in soils covering five types of land use along a salinity gradient on the Yellow River Delta. The most prominent OCPs were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT, arithmetic mean = 5.11 μg kg^?1), hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH, 1.69 μg kg^?1) and ∑endosulfan (10.4 μg kg^?1). The spatial variability of OCPs composition shifted from γ-HCH and o,p′-DDT dominated pesticides in coastal soils to p,p′-DDE dominated pesticides in inland soils. In different land-use types, the percentages of β-HCH and p,p′-DDE are characterized by more recalcitrant components in decreasing order of vegetable fields, cereal fields, cotton fields, wetlands and tidal flats with increasing soil salinity. However, the less recalcitrant components, γ-HCH and o,p′-DDT, showed an opposite trend. Endosulfan sulfate predominated in all land-use types. Residual levels of β-HCH were affected by soil organic matter. The correlations between γ-HCH and clay content and between p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT and salinity might associate with the influence of sediment cotransport by the Yellow River and the density of anthropogenic activities in coastal region. Depth distribution of the OCPs in typical soil profiles also implied that local historical usage and sediment transport by the Yellow River both affected the OCPs residual in this region.     

不同粒径炉渣对磷的静态吸附

研究了不同粒级炉渣对含磷废水的静态等温吸附性能,为其在污水处理领域的有效利用和合理级配提供理论依据。经筛分得到<0.2 mm、0.2~0.45 mm、0.45~0.9 mm、0.9~2 mm、2~4 mm、4~6 mm、≥6 mm的7个粒级的供试炉渣,其中0.9~4 mm粒级占总量的64.54%。XRD、XRF分析显示,各粒级炉渣物相组成相似,<0.2 mm粒级炉渣中活性铝含量最高。静态吸附实验表明,炉渣对磷素的最大吸附量为4 021 mg/kg,最佳吸附时间为24 h;Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线可较好地拟合各粒级炉渣对溶液中磷素的吸附,而小于0.9 mm粒级炉渣具有更高的拟合度;炉渣粒径越小,吸附能力越强,<0.2 mm粒级炉渣的理论饱和吸附容量达14 084 mg/kg,≥6 mm粒级炉渣吸附磷素能力差;受粒径、溶液含磷浓度等因素影响,炉渣的平均理论吸附容量为1 142.4 mg/kg。     

PCF型湿式脱硫除尘器入口结构优化

以PCF型湿式脱硫除尘器为物理模型,利用Fluent软件包,采用RNGк-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,对装置内三维流场进行数值模拟.模拟结果发现,原倾斜入口(A)的装置内烟气分布不均匀.提出了水平入口(B)、左入口(C)、右入口(D)3种优化结构,并分别对A、B、C、D入口装置内气流速度、湍流强度与压降进行了模拟分析.结果表明,C、D入口使装置内气流速度分布更加均匀,且增强了装置内湍流强度,但C入口会导致压降增加,因此最佳入口为D.最后,针对入口D装置中的低速区,模拟分析了30°、45°与54°3种不同切入角度,得出45 °效果最佳.     

共存与交流——青藏高原东北部史前陶器来源地分析

全新世中期在青藏高原东北部存在马家窑文化区、宗日文化区和青海湖细石器文化区三大文化共存的地域格局。在研究区33个遗址搜集128枚史前文化陶片,采用X-射线荧光测定其化学元素与成分,分析表明:微量元素钍(Th)是判断本区陶器来源地重要标志,依据来源地大概可以分为宗日文化宗日组陶器与河湟组-宗日文化马家窑-细石器文化陶器两组,宗日组陶器有较河湟组等有较高Th含量;宗日文化中的马家窑陶器、细石器文化陶器与河湟谷地陶器源地较为一致,表明宗日文化马家窑陶器是从东部河湟谷地贸易交换而来,贸易路线主要沿湟水谷地与黄河谷地展开,贸易与交换主要发生两种文化交接地带,并存在具有"边贸口岸"功能的贸易交换集中地。说明三大文化在共存中交流,在交流中进步。     

碱法蔗渣制浆黑液循环处理技术研究

对碱法蔗渣制浆黑液良性循环处理技术路线及原理进行研究。研究结果表明 ,此技术路线可行 ,制浆黑液将被全部处理 ,同时实现了液体回用和回收两种实用价值好的产品目标。处理黑液所用的酸化剂转化为制浆药液成分回用于制浆蒸煮 ,得到的浆、纸性能良好。     

站场伴生气减排回收工艺研究与应用

针对部分油田站场因伴生气量低造成的燃烧排放或无效放空的生产现状,研制了一种基于双U型管气液分离、气体过滤、阀前调压稳压和止回阀的组合式回收装置。对组合式回收装置进行了功能测试,并在17座站场现场应用,供气系统压力平稳,加热炉正常运行,实现了低气油比站场伴生气100%回收利用,有利于油田安全环保、节能减排与清洁生产。     

Cathode ray tube (CRT) recycling: current capabilities in China and research progress

It is estimated that approximately 6,000,000 scrap TVs and 10,000,000 personal computers are generated each year in China. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) from these machines consist of 85% glass (65% panel, 30% funnel and 5% neck glass). The leaded glass (funnel-24%, neck-30%) may seriously pollute the environment if it is not properly disposed of. In this paper, the past, current and future status of CRT dismantling technologies as well as the CRT glass recycling situation in China are presented and discussed. Recycling technology for waste CRTs in China is still immature. While the conventional CRT dismantling technologies have disadvantages from both economic and environmental viewpoints, some of the new and emerging treatments such as automatic optical sorting facilities that have been applied in developed countries offer advantages, and therefore should be transferred to China in the next few years to solve the CRT pre-processing problem. Meanwhile, because the demand for CRT glass closed-loop recycling is extremely limited, the authorities should take effective measures to improve CRT glass recycling rates and to facilitate a match to local conditions. Moreover, we also provide a broad review of the research developments in recycling techniques for CRT cullet. The challenge for the future is to transfer these environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies into practice.     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH₃)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测。结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N2_O)和NH₃排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH₄和NH₃排放主要集中于堆肥前期,N2_O排放则主要集中于堆肥中后期。堆体管理措施及物料特性显著影响堆肥气体的排放。翻堆式堆肥过程中翻堆对气体排放的影响大于堆肥理化因子如温度、含水率以及pH值;而槽式堆肥过程中,降低堆体的平均温度可同时减缓堆肥过程中CH₄、二氧化碳(CO₂)和NH₃的释放。从养分损失来看,翻堆式和槽式堆肥过程中碳素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总碳含量(TC)的27.16%和21.53%,其中约80%以上的碳素损失来自CO₂-C。而堆肥过程中氮素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总氮含量(TN)的18.67%和13.44%,其中约80%以上的氮素损失来源于NH₃N。该研究表明,在保证堆体物料腐熟的前提下,降低翻堆频率可显著减缓翻堆式堆肥过程中温室气体和NH₃的排放;降低槽式堆肥堆体的温度可显著减少堆肥过程中CH₄、CO₂和NH₃的排放。该研究结果对于减少堆肥过程气态污染物排放和养分损失,提高堆肥效率具有重要的指导意义。