变电站污水处理现状与展望

变电站一般位于城市郊区或乡村环境等市政设施尚不完善的区域,无法接入市政污水管网,许多变电站粗放式的污水处理方式无法满足环保要求.随着变电站智能化水平的提高,站内工作人员越来越少,传统的污水处理方式无法适应新形势下变电站内污水处理要求.因此,针对变电站粗放式的污水管理方式及新条件下传统污水处理方式等不满足环保要求的问题,根据站址外环境创新变电站污水处理方式成为关键.通过对变电站既有污水处理方式的研究,结合变电站智能化的发展进程,进行总结,可为变电站污水处理设计或水环境管理提供参考.     

环境保护在电网工程设计中的应用

在变电站和送电线路设计中,严格执行环保法,按照避让、弱化、防控、修复的原则,采取有效措施,减少对环境的影响,实现环境保护,以满足可持续发展的需要。     

变电站建设中的电磁防护及环境和谐发展问题

随着我国经济水平的发展所带来的用电负荷的激增，变电站落户市区已是经济发展的必然结果。随即对变电站建设中的电磁防护提出了更高的要求；并全面考虑周边人类的生存环境。本文总结了变电站在规划建设中的电磁防护及如何与环境和谐发展的问题，并针对具体问题一一列举了所需采取的措施，包括抵御变电站电磁和噪声环境的防护措施，变电站二次系统抵御电磁骚扰源的措施以及变电站规划与景观的协调、最终将实现变电站建设与环境的和谐发展。     

Making sense of invulnerability at work—a qualitative study of police drivers

This paper reports a qualitative study of 54 police drivers who were interviewed about their views on police driver training, driving strategies and their accident involvement. Study of the transcribed interviews indicated that officers constructed narratives of themselves as being highly aware of hazards presented by other road users and they used a variety of discursive devices to minimise their own culpability and attribute risk elsewhere. Rather than maintaining a straightforward ‘illusion of invulnerability’ they were formulating a ‘topography of risk’ in which they were responding to hazards presented by suspects or other road users. Their meticulously detailed accounts of the circumstances surrounding accidents serve to place them as knowledgeable and impartial participants and create a sense of expertise and authority. Training initiatives could profitably seek to challenge this ‘topography of risk’ and sense of authority so that drivers more fully appreciate the hazard they may present to themselves and the public.     

农村变电站生活污水处理现状与探讨

我国大部分变电站位于农村地区,因无接入城市污水管网条件,农村变电站生活污水需就地处理后达标排放。变电站生活污水存在水量少、时变化系数大等特点,现有处理工艺不能正常运行或无法达标排放。本文借鉴农村生活污水处理技术,提出了生物组合法处理对策,可为变电站生活污水处理提供参考。     

变电站倒闸操作风险分析与控制

分析了变电站倒闸操作过程的风险及造成操作失误的原因,从运行值班人员的管理、安全工具的使用、关键点控制和事故应急处理等方面,提出倒闸操作风险的控制措施,以防范事故的发生,确保变电站的安全运行。     

基于Petri网的750kV变电站故障恢复

对750 kV变电站可能发生的常见故障进行详细分类,并据此建立故障恢复推理模型,以便发生故障时能及时快速恢复供电。通过分析750 k V变电站拓扑结构,采用故障分类和基于Petri网建模的方法,将所有可能发生的常见故障分为母线、线路及变压器3类。变电站发生故障时,先根据变电站故障诊断结果,再从故障点隔离到恢复非故障失电区域并建立Petri网模型。故障恢复主要对开关进行操作,因此首先建立开关打开和关断的基本Petri网恢复模块,接着从变压器运行方式及裕量情况给出变压器故障恢复的Petri网模型,然后讨论母线和线路故障时不同情况下的故障恢复Petri网模型,最后根据模型推理过程中点火的变迁,将隔离故障点和恢复供电的断路器记录下来,按照Petri网运行的顺序即可给出最终的恢复方案。通过对750 k V变电站各类复杂故障的建模和推理及由此给出的恢复方案,能够及时给出恢复的操作顺序,方便运行人员快速检修。最后通过HPSim软件对代表性故障进行仿真运行,验证该方法正确、可行且及时。     

变电站大气环境腐蚀参数自动检测仪研制及应用

目的通过自主研发的大气环境腐蚀参数自动检测仪,监测并积累变电站大气腐蚀数据,判断大气腐蚀性,为变电站选择腐蚀与防护手段,提供数据支持和依据。方法依据变电站大气腐蚀研究的最新理论成果,参考最新国家标准,将影响变电站腐蚀因素的各参数整合,选择国内外最先进的传感器,根据实际工况要求,研制了一台基于变电站环境的大气腐蚀参数检测仪。结果仪器的各项技术指标均达到设计要求,能够满足现场要求,可以根据变电站设备材质要求,定制腐蚀传感器。结论通过在国家大气腐蚀网站(沈阳站)、浙江电力公司所属变电站的测试,研制的大气环境腐蚀参数自动检测仪能够实时采集影响腐蚀的各影响因子的参数值,满足未来腐蚀监测仪器、装备多参数、智能化的要求。     

Validity of police-reported alcohol involvement in fatal motor carrier crashes in the United States between 1982 and 2005

Objective

To examine the validity of police-reported alcohol data for drivers involved in fatal motor carrier crashes.

Material and Methods

We determined the availability of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and police-reported alcohol data on 157,702 drivers involved in fatal motor carrier crashes between 1982 - 2005 using Fatality Analysis and Reporting System (FARS) data. Drivers were categorized as motor carrier drivers if they operated a vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of greater than 26,000 pounds. Otherwise, they were classified as non motor carrier drivers. The sensitivity and specificity of police-reported alcohol involvement were estimated for both driver types.

Results

Of the 157,702 drivers, 18% had no alcohol information, 15% had BAC results, 42% had police-reported alcohol data, and 25% had both. Alcohol information varied significantly by driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics. For example, motor carrier drivers were significantly more likely (51%) to have BAC testing results compared to non motor carrier drivers (31%) (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of police-reported alcohol involvement for a BAC level ≥ 0.08 was 83% (95% CI 79%, 86%) for motor carrier drivers and 90% (95% CI 89%, 90%) for non motor carrier drivers. The specificity rates were 96% (95% CI 95%, 96%) and 91% (95% CI 90%, 91%), respectively.

Conclusions

The sensitivity and specificity of police-reported alcohol involvement are reasonably high for drivers involved in fatal motor carrier crashes. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which the accuracy of police-reported alcohol involvement may be overestimated because of verification bias.

Impact on the Industry

Based on the results of this study, the federal government should continue to work with states to strengthen their strategies to increase chemical testing of all drivers involved in fatal crashes.