Mechanical performance and capillary water absorption of sewage sludge ash concrete (SSAC)

Disposal of sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants is a serious environmental problem of increasing magnitude. Waste water treatment generates as much as 70 g of dry solids per capita per day. Although one of the disposal solutions for this waste is through incineration, still almost 30% of sludge solids remain as ash. This paper presents results related to reuse of sewage sludge ash in concrete. The sludge was characterised for chemical composition (X-ray flourescence analysis), crystalline phases (X-ray diffraction analysis) and pozzolanic activity. The effects of incineration on crystal phases of the dry sludge were investigated. Two water/cement (W/C) ratios (0.55 and 0.45) and three sludge ash percentages (5%, 10% and 20%) per cement mass were used as filler. The mechanical performance of sewage sludge ash concrete (SSAC) at different curing ages (3, 7, 28 and 90 days) was assessed by means of mechanical tests and capillary water absorption. Results show that sewage sludge ash leads to a reduction in density and mechanical strength and to an increase in capillary water absorption. Results also show that SSAC with 20% of sewage sludge ash and W/C = 0.45 has a 28 day compressive strength of almost 30 MPa. SSAC with a sludge ash contents of 5% and 10% has the same capillary water absorption coefficient as the control concrete; as for the concrete mixtures with 20% sludge ash content, the capillary water absorption is higher but in line with C20/25 strength class concretes performance.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的热性质

利用综合热分析仪对飞灰进行了差热与热重分析,并利用X-射线衍射仪分析了不同温度煅烧后飞灰的矿物成分变化。结果表明:781～956℃温度区间,飞灰的质量下降超过15%;956～1241℃温度区间,质量下降8%左右;温度超过1241℃时,飞灰的质量基本保持不变,出现大量的化合反应,飞灰表现出较好的活性;飞灰的主要矿物成分是SiO2、CaCl2、Ca3Si2O7、Ca2SiO4·0.35H2O、Ca9Si6O21·H2O、K2Al2Si2O8·3.8H2O和AlCl3·4Al(OH)3·4H2O,晶相含量高达59%;高温下飞灰中的盐类首先分解生成金属氧化物,随温度的升高,所产生的金属氧化物再与SiO2反应生成硅酸盐或铝硅酸盐。     

Thermal and spectroscopic studies on sorption of nickel(II) ion on protonated baker's yeast

Protonated form (Hy) of yeast was subjected to thermal analysis (TGA and DTG) in the temperature range 60–800 °C. Chemically bound water volatilizes around 200 °C and the matrix undergoes extensive oxidative decomposition at 450 °C, the weight loss reaching 75% at 800 °C. The sorption capacity of the matrix for nickel(II) ion increases on heat treatment from 60 to 200 °C (from 16.9 to 25.0 mg/g), but was reduced on heating to higher temperatures at an initial nickel(II) ion concentration of 1200 mg/g. The FTIR spectra of Hy and nickel(II) ion saturated yeast, indicated that biosorption occurs on the sugar and nucleic acid regions, possibly involving –COOH and –NH groups.     

Preparation of Alginic Acid and Metal Alginate from Algae and their Comparative Study

Alginic acid and metal alginates are prepared from fresh algae using extraction method. A FTIR spectrum indicates that alginic acid is converted into the metal alginate. Comparing calcium and cobalt alginates, asymmetric stretching of free carboxyl group of calcium alginate at 1630 cm⁻¹ is shifted to 1585 cm⁻¹ in cobalt alginate, due to the change of charge density, radius and atomic weight of the cation, creating a new environment around the carbonyl group. The strong exothermic peak of alginic acid in DSC thermogram indicates the decomposition of biopolymer, whereas strong exothermic peak of metal alginate in DSC thermogram attributed to the decomposition of biopolymer and formation of respective carbonate. Based on DSC study, the decomposition of cobalt alginate occurs at higher temperature comparing to those of sodium and calcium alginate, which may conclude into the higher stability of cobalt alginate. TGA results reveal that, cobalt alginate is more stable than calcium and sodium alginate at 300 °C temperature. Surface morphology (at same magnification), as well as porosity (%) and pore size distribution results change with metals present in different metal alginates.     

高分子重金属絮凝剂MAPEI处理含镉废水的研究

以聚乙烯亚胺、巯基乙酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺(MAPEI),研究其处理含镉废水的性能,并对几个影响因素进行了考察。实验结果表明:①该絮凝剂对Cd2+有很好的捕集性能,最高去除率可达99.9%以上;②水中常见阳离子Na+、K+、Mg2+对Cd2+的去除起促进作用;③水中常见阴离子C l-、SO42-、NO3-对Cd2+的去除也起促进作用;④pH值在6.0至8.0范围内变化时,pH值越高去除Cd2+的效果越好;⑤Cd2+和致浊物质共存时,会相互促进彼此的去除。     

Adsorptive removal of direct dyes by PEI-treated peanut husk biomass: Box–Behnken experimental design

This paper reports the application of Box-Behnken experimental design to illustrate the adsorption of direct dyes (Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN) using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-treated peanut husk biomass. The effect of three independent variables (initial dyes concentration, biosorbent dose and pH) was investigated during the study. Maximum biosorption capacity (141 and 98.2 mg/g) of PEI-pretreated biomass was achieved with 200 mg/L initial dye concentration and 0.05 g/50 mL biomass dose for Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN, respectively. Acidic pH was found to be favourable for maximum dyes removal. Characterisation of biosorbent was carried out through Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and point of zero charge determination. FT-IR analyses confirmed the involvement of carboxylic and carbonyl groups. The desorption study was also conducted to check out the possibility of regeneration of dyes and adsorbent and it was found that 51.58 and 76.6% of Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN, respectively, can be desorbed from the loaded biosorbent by using 1 M NaOH solution. The results indicated that PEI-treated peanut husk biomass can be used as an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN dyes from aqueous solutions.     

Comparisons of TGA and DSC approaches to evaluate nitrocellulose thermal degradation energy and stabilizer efficiencies

This study investigated the thermal degradation energy (activation energy, E_a) for nitrocellulose (NC) with low nitrogen content of 11.71 mass%, so-called NC3, by using two different kinds of thermal analysis instruments: thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A comparison of E_a for various nitrogen content NC samples at two scanning rates (5 and 10 °C min^?1) tested by TGA and DSC is also discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, our aim was to analyze the anti-degradation of E_a for NC with high nitrogen content, as so-called NC1. Thermal stability for NC1 with diphenylamine (DPA) was tested via DSC with 10 DPA concentrations in weights of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, and 3.0 mass%. Experimental results indicated that E_a of NC3s was 319.91 kJ mol^?1. Moreover, that while dosing DPA into NC1 the best recipe could be employed to avoid any violent NC1 runaway and also can be used to distinguish the differences of thermal decomposition E_a between NC with different nitrogen contents. This study established a fast and efficient procedure for thermal decomposition properties of NC, and could be applied as an intrinsically safer design during relevant operations.     

Physicochemical characterization of forest and sugarcane leaf combustion's particulate matters using electron microscopy, EDS, XRD and TGA

Physical characteristics and quantitative elemental composition of PM and residual ash produced from sugarcane leaves (SCL) combustion were investigated using TEM-EDS compared with forest leaves (FRL). SEM-EDS was used to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition of biomass raw leaves and PM. XRD analysis was also performed to investigate the characterization of the crystalline nanostructure, structure of PM, and residual ash compared to the TEM image processing method. The oxidation kinetics of biomass raw materials, PM, and residual ash were investigated by TGA. The morphology of fine and ultrafine agglomerate structure of SCL soot and residual ash are not significantly different from the FRL soot and residual ash. The average diameter sizes of single primary nanoparticles of SCL and FRL soot are approximately 37 nm and 35 nm, while the sizes of residual ash are about 18 nm and 22 nm, respectively. The single primary nanoparticles of soot are mainly composed of curve line crystallites of carbon fringes, while residual ash is composed of straight-line lattice fringes. The average fringe lengths of SCL and FRL soot are about 1.25 nm and 1.04 nm from the outer shell and 0.89 nm and 0.74 nm from the inner core. The interlayer spacing of curve line carbon fringes of SCL and FRL soot is approximately 0.359 nm and 0.362 nm by the TEM image analysis and it was matched with XRD analysis. The biomass PMs are mainly composed of soot, Si, Ca, and K compounds: SiO₂, CaCO₃, and KCl.     

焦煤、塑料和粉尘共热解失重分析

在以N₂载气,其流量为30mL/min、升温速率为5℃/min、热解终温为1000℃的条件下,运用Setaram Lab-sysYM热重分析仪系统分析了塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤的热解过程以及它们之间的相互影响.不同配比的塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤混合热解过程分析表明:在低温段,煤和塑料热解产生大量活泼自由基,然后通过自由基内部重排或自由基间相互结合的方式稳定化,其中的硫元素主要形成气态硫化物(如H₂S、COS等),并与粉尘中的金属氧化物作用生成固态金属硫化物而固硫;高温段产生的H₂、CO及粉尘中所含有的C等增强了反应体系的还原性,加剧了粉尘中金属氧化物的还原气化,从而更有利于实现焦炭的有效脱硫可见,运用添加塑料、冶金粉尘到焦煤中的方法可以实现炼焦过程中的焦炭和煤气同时脱硫的双重效果.     

阻燃与未阻燃装饰装修木材在不同氧浓度下的热分析

利用热重分析仪对常见木质装饰装修材料白杨、白桦、红松以及这三种材料的阻燃品,在不同氧浓度条件下进行了热重分析(TGA)实验,通过对失重(TG)曲线、失重速率(DTG)曲线的分析,深入探讨了氧气体积分数对样品热解过程的影响.结果表明:对三种天然木材样品而言,氧浓度增大,样品的TG曲线左移.氧浓度对阻燃样品热解失重曲线的影响较小.热解过程用简单的动力学模型进行了模拟,确定了热解主反应段的动力学参数、表观活化能和频率因子,得到了各阶段的动力学方程.