城市燃气管道事故应急抢修方案的决策分析

通过对近年来的城市燃气管道事故抢险统计数据的分析与研究,管道事故抢险方案的选择存在着很大的主观性和片面性.为了克服应急抢修方案的种种局限,笔者应用模糊综合评判方法建立了城市燃气管道事故应急抢修方案评价选择模型;考虑可靠性、抢修时间、事故损失、抢险费用、社会影响及政治影响等6类影响因素来评判抢修方案的优劣,可以科学合理地选择最佳的管道事故应急抢修方案,达到经济合理、快速可靠的目的;实例验证,评判模型对城市燃气管道事故抢险具有重要的现实意义和参考价值.     

雨水管道沉积物中典型无机氮的干期粒径分布

以南京江北新区分流制雨水管道沉积物为研究对象,考察不同粒径沉积物中铵态氮（NH₃-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）干期分布特征,分析其随干期长度的变化关系,并探讨沉积物理化性质及微生物菌群结构对NH₃-N和NO₃^--N干期分布的影响.结果表明：粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NH₃-N占比最高（交通区30.8%,商业区36.7%）;交通区粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（33.0%）,而商业区粒径0.075~0.15mm沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（34.4%）;干期长度与交通区0.075~0.15mm粒径段的沉积物中NO₃^--N含量及商业区粒径≥0.3mm的沉积物中NH₃-N含量之间的相关性均最显著;雨水管道沉积物中NH₃-N和NO₃^--N的干期分布与O-H和N-H等官能团、表面极性和亲水性、微观形貌等有一定关联;交通区雨水管道沉积物中Gemmobacter等反硝化优势菌种（相对丰度总和为20.15%）对NO₃^--N干期分布影响更显著.     

油气田在役管道高后果区识别与完整性评价方法

根据油气管道建设与管理的相关标准与规范或导则,针对目前油气田在役管道,明确了其高后果区识别的划分及其在不同标准中的差异以及识别的原则和时间间隔,分别介绍了在管道的相关数据采集的基础上开展地质灾害和第三方破坏造成的管道风险评价方法,管道内外腐蚀的直接评价以及包括剩余强度、剩余寿命和材料在内的管道适用性评价方法,同时给出了这些评价工作所涉及到的相关内容项,对油田管道的完整性管理具有重要的指导作用和应用价值。     

油气集输管道内防腐技术应用进展

针对油气田集输管道的内腐蚀问题,分别介绍了耐蚀材料、衬里技术、涂镀层技术与药剂防腐技术等管道内防腐技术及其现场应用效果,指出了耐蚀金属材料防腐效果显著,但存在经济效益差的缺点。为降低成本,选用双金属复合管替代耐蚀金属材料,但其焊缝位置腐蚀失效频发,成为制约其应用的薄弱环节。耐蚀非金属材料防腐效果显著,但耐高温性能与力学性能较差,受温度、压力与CO_2、H_2S、固体颗粒等介质成分的影响,衬里技术与涂镀层技术的应用范围受到限制。药剂防腐技术的防护效果与药剂类型、加药工艺密切相关,需要根据腐蚀工况监测结果进行实时调整。针对上述内防腐技术存在的问题,提出了未来内防腐技术的发展方向为改进现有内防腐技术存在的不足,提升其防护效果。同时,应开发防腐效果显著、经济成本低、施工简便、易于推广应用的防腐材料与防腐工艺技术。     

An integrated assessment model for cross-country pipelines

The cross-country petroleum pipelines are environmentally sensitive because they traverse through varied terrain covering crop fields, forests, rivers, populated areas, desert, hills and offshore. Any malfunction of these pipelines may cause devastating effect on the environment. Hence, the pipeline operators plan and design pipelines projects with sufficient consideration of environment and social aspects along with the technological alternatives. Traditionally, in project appraisal, optimum technical alternative is selected using financial analysis. Impact assessments (IA) are then carried out to justify the selection and subsequent statutory approval. However, the IAs often suggest alternative sites and/or alternate technology and implementation methodology, resulting in revision of entire technical and financial analysis. This study addresses the above issues by developing an integrated framework for project feasibility analysis with the application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a multiple attribute decision-making technique. The model considers technical analysis (TA), socioeconomic IA (SEIA) and environmental IA (EIA) in an integrated framework to select the best project from a few alternative feasible projects. Subsequent financial analysis then justifies the selection. The entire methodology has been explained here through a case application on cross-country petroleum pipeline project in India.     

海潮引起的海底承压含水层系统中地下水位的波动——海底弱透水层的弹性储水效应

研究了由潜水含水层、在海底延伸的承压含水层和介于其间的弱透水层构成的滨海含水层系统中,弱透水层的弹性储水以及含水层的海潮荷载效应对承压含水层中的地下水位的影响.研究结果表明,当海底弱透水层延伸足够长时,它的弹性储水对承压含水层中的海潮引起的水头波动有增强作用.     

辽宁省白石水库环境工程地质问题综述

白石水库位于辽宁省北票市上园乡附近的大凌河干流上,是大凌河流域第一期开发的控制性骨干工程，水库建成后，将产生许多环境工程地质问题。从库坝区的地质背景出发，对水库渗漏、库岸再造与泥沙淤积、淹没与浸没、水库诱发地震、坝下冲刷坑稳定性等主要环境工程地质问题进行了综合评述。     

关于液化石油气码头泄漏火灾应急措施的探讨

分析了液化气泄漏火灾事故的特点，介绍了LPG的理化性质及其危险特性，提出了LPG码头泄漏处置和火灾扑救的方法。     

制冷机蒸发器炸管跑氟事故分析及对策

在制冷技术设备中，经常发生冷、热交换器内的传热管受压炸裂事故，为了解决这一制冷技术中的不安全性问题，通过对衡阳市啤酒厂制冷机蒸发器多次发生传热管炸裂事故的调查、分析，找出了事故发生的根本原因．提出了科学、合理的防止蒸发器炸管跑氟事故的系列措施与方法．其中预防因传热管炸裂导致制冷剂(氟利昂)泄漏的正确操作程序，为降低该类事故的经济损失及防止环境污染探索一条可靠途径。     

Geological CO2 Storage as a Climate Change Mitigation Option

Carbon dioxide (CO₂₎ capture and storage is increasingly being considered as an important climate change mitigation option. This paper explores provisions for including geological CO₂ storage in climate policy. The storage capacity of Norway's Continental Shelf is alone sufficient to store a large share of European CO₂ emissions for many decades. If CO₂ is injected into oil reservoirs there is an additional benefit in terms of enhanced oil recovery. However, there are significant technical and economic challenges, including the large investment in infrastructure required, with related economies of scale properties. Thus CO₂ capture, transportation and storage projects are likely to be more economically attractive if developed on a large scale, which could mean involving two or more nations. An additional challenge is the risk of future leakages from storage sites, where the government must take on a major responsibility. In institutional and policy terms, important challenges are the unsettled status of geological CO₂ storage as a policy measure in the Kyoto Protocol, lack of relevant reporting and verification procedures, and lack of decisions on how the option should be linked to the flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. In terms of competitiveness with expected prices for CO₂ permits under Kyoto Protocol trading, the relatively high costs per tonne of CO₂ stored means that geological CO₂ storage is primarily of interest where enhanced oil recovery is possible. These shortcomings and uncertainties mean that companies and governments today only have weak incentives to venture into geological CO₂ storage.