铁基质强化新型功能性化粪池高效处理黑水的试验

以铁基质生物载体为核心,将物理、生物和化学方法结合,对化粪池进行功能强化,实现黑水的原位深度处理.探究了溶解氧（DO）和碳氮比（C/N）等因素对黑水中污染物降解的影响,并在最佳运行参数下考察了氮素在系统中的转化机制.结果表明,当C/N为7.3~8.4时,好氧生物铁基质载体池DO为2.3~2.7mg/L时,系统氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN） 、COD和总磷（TP）的平均去除率分别可达90.74%、85.81%、92.65%和95.78%;当进水C/N降至3.3~4.2时,系统NH₄⁺-N、TN、COD和TP的平均去除率仍可维持在81.16%、76.62%、93.87%和94.75%.铁基质生物载体内电解作用显著强化了化粪池内TN的脱除、COD的氧化和TP的固定.氮素转化机制分析表明,内电解与反硝化菌的耦合强化了反硝化作用,降低了反硝化过程对有机碳源的需求,强化了低C/N条件下TN、TP的脱除.     

Determination of neonicotinoids in Estonian honey by liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry

The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive overview of neonicotinoid pesticide residues in honey samples for a single country and compare the results with the import data for neonicotinoid pesticides. The levels of four neonicotinoid pesticides, namely thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid, were determined in 294 honey samples harvested from 2005 to 2013 from more than 200 locations in Estonia. For the analyzed honey samples, 27% contained thiacloprid, and its levels in all cases were below the maximum residue level set by the European Union. The other neonicotinoids were not detected. The proportion of thiacloprid-positive samples for different years correlates well with the data on thiacloprid imports into Estonia, indicating that honey contamination with neonicotinoids can be estimated based on the import data.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

新型材料淀粉微球对Cu2＋、Cr3＋和Pb2＋的吸附机理研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,在反相悬浮体系中合成N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联淀粉微球为载体,研究了新型吸附材料淀粉微球（cross-linked starch microsphere,CSMs）对Mn＋（Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Pb2＋）的静态吸附行为。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对微球及其吸附产物进行表征,分析讨论了3种金属原子结构,研究了吸附机理。结果表明：308K时,Cu2＋、Pb2＋和Cr3＋的饱和吸附量分别是2.43、0.30和0.27 mmol/g,CSMs对Cu2＋离子吸附能力最强,并且其通过物理吸附、配位吸附方式吸附Mn＋,并得出引起微球吸附能力大小可能与金属离子电荷、离子半径和外层电子排布的差异因素有关。     

When all life counts in conservation

Conservation science involves the collection and analysis of data. These scientific practices emerge from values that shape who and what is counted. Currently, conservation data are filtered through a value system that considers native life the only appropriate subject of conservation concern. We examined how trends in species richness, distribution, and threats change when all wildlife count by adding so-called non-native and feral populations to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List and local species richness assessments. We focused on vertebrate populations with founding members taken into and out of Australia by humans (i.e., migrants). We identified 87 immigrant and 47 emigrant vertebrate species. Formal conservation accounts underestimated global ranges by an average of 30% for immigrants and 7% for emigrants; immigrations surpassed extinctions in Australia by 52 species; migrants were disproportionately threatened (33% of immigrants and 29% of emigrants were threatened or decreasing in their native ranges); and incorporating migrant populations into risk assessments reduced global threat statuses for 15 of 18 species. Australian policies defined most immigrants as pests (76%), and conservation was the most commonly stated motivation for targeting these species in killing programs (37% of immigrants). Inclusive biodiversity data open space for dialogue on the ethical and empirical assumptions underlying conservation science.     

优化热脱附技术对十溴联苯醚污染土壤的适用性及修复效果

为了探索绿色、高效、环保的修复PBDEs污染土壤的技术,在热脱附技术基础上将木炭同时作为尾气吸附剂和燃烧热源,处理不同十溴联苯醚污染水平的PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)污染土壤,通过14种不同溴代PBDEs同系物分析十溴联苯醚的降解产物组分并计算其去除率. 结果表明:在热脱附技术处理后,十溴联苯醚初始污染水平分别为500、800和1 000 μg/kg,污染土壤中PBDEs的去除率分别为63%、81%、94%. 14种不同溴代PBDEs同系物在热脱附反应后的残留产物中均有检出,其中热脱附处理后的土壤中以三溴和四溴PBDEs产物占优势,而尾气中则以四溴和五溴PBDEs产物为主. 根据热脱附试验前后土壤中PBDEs的结构组成对比及分析可知,降解和脱溴反应在整个热脱附反应过程中发挥了重要作用. 另外,XAD树脂吸附柱中虽有少量的氯代和溴代二英类物质(PCDD/Fs和PBDD/Fs)被检出,但其毒性当量浓度均小于0.1 ng/m3,符合欧盟、日本及我国所规定的二英物质排放标准. 研究显示,在利用优化的热脱附技术修复十溴联苯醚污染土壤过程中,PBDEs的去除率与污染土壤中其污染水平相关,并且热脱附过程以降解及逐级脱溴反应为主.      

新型生物脱氮技术的工艺研究

以上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（ Ｕ Ａ Ｓ Ｂ） 作为厌氧氨氧化（ａｎａｍ ｍｏｘ） 反应器,用无机盐培养液完成了反应器的启动,并稳态运行ａｎａｍ ｍｏｘ 反应器．采用生物膜反应器作为生物硝化反应器,以无机盐培养液完成反应器的启动．将硝化反应器和ａｎａｍｍｏｘ 反应器组合在一起构成新型生物脱氮系统,以硝化反应器的出水作为ａｎａｍｍｏｘ反应器的进水,同时补充相应数量的 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ．整个系统的总氮容积去除率可达１ ５７７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｄ － １ ．该新型生物脱氮系统能同时去除 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ 和 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ－ Ｎ,并且对高浓度的 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ 去除具有较大的潜力．     

异养菌与新型填料成膜性及BTF处理屠宰H2S废气

以新型填料上生物膜的微生物种群结构为研究对象,将异养脱硫细菌蜡状芽孢杆菌ZJNB-B3接种到含活性污泥和LEVAPOR新型填料的小试曝气液体反应器,研究此菌在活性污泥及在填料生物膜中的微生物多样性.在属分类水平上的物种分析结果表明,芽孢杆菌属在接种后的填料中相对丰度较高,而在活性污泥样品中相对丰度较低,其在培养了第10d的填料样品中已经达到最大相对丰度.因此该菌与新型填料的亲和性和成膜性较好.将该菌与新型填料应用于生物滴滤塔（BTF）处理屠宰污水站排放的H₂S恶臭废气,风量处理能力为2000m³/h.结果表明,经该菌强化的BTF完成启动的时间比使用普通活性污泥接种的BTF缩短7d.强化的BTF在30d的稳定期试验中,当H₂S进气浓度为4.92~9.54mg/m³时,对H₂S去除率为98%~99%.当进气H₂S在1.0~10mg/m³范围波动时,空床停留时间（EBRT）为10,21,30s时,去除率分别为94%、98%、99%以上,且受进气H₂S浓度波动的影响不大.当进口负荷为0.60~1.14g/（m³·h）时,H₂S去除率稳定在98%以上,H₂S气体排放量低于恶臭污染物排放国家标准.     

基于矿渣的一种新型建筑材料试验研究

通过化学分析、抗压强度、抗折强度等试验，研究了一种以矿渣为主要成分的新型建筑材料。试验结果表明：该种新型建筑材料的抗压强度和抗折强度能够达到525水泥相关要求，可满足实际工程的需要。