Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

城市环境系统质量评价方法比较及实证研究

根据城市环境系统的内涵,从环境质量、资源利用、污染控制、生态建设四个方面构建了城市环境系统质量评价指标体系,并运用竞争性评价模型对十个沿海城市2012年的环境系统质量状况进行了综合评价和排序.为了判定竞争性评价模型的可靠性,采用传统的综合指数法进行验证性评价,结果表明:两种方法的评价结果具有较好的一致性,得分排在前6位的城市完全相同,其它城市的排序相差不大,因此,竞争性评价模型用于城市环境系统质量评价具有较好的可靠性.     

Relationship between urban eco-environment and competitiveness with the background of globalization: Statistical explanation based on industry type newly classified with environment demand and environment pressure

Within the global urban system, the statistical relationship between urban eco-environment(UE) and urban competitiveness(UC)(RUEC) is researched. Data showed that there is a statistically inverted-U relationship between UE and UC. Eco-environmental factor is put into the classification of industries, and gets six industrial types by two indexes viz. industries‘ eco-environmental demand and pressure. The statistical results showed that there is a strong relationship, for new industdal classification, between the changes of industrial structure and evolvement of UE. The drive mechanism of the evolvement of urban eco-environment, with human demand and global work division was analyzed. The conclusion is that the development stratege, industrial policies of cities, and environmental policies fo cities must be fit with their ranks among the global urban system. At the era of globalization, so far as the environmental policies, their rationality could not be assessed with the level of strictness, but it can enhance cities‘ competitiveness when they are fit with cities‘ capabilities to attract and control some sections of the industry‘s value-chain. None but these kinds of environmental DOlicies can probably enhance the UC.     

总量控制下流域初始排污权分配的竞争性混合决策方法

中国排污权交易市场尚不完善,若初始排污权的分配结果与现有排污量差异过大,排污方不能及时调整生产方式或结构与之相适应,同时又无法顺利在市场上购买到所必须的排污权量,排污方的经济社会发展将会受到阻碍。基于此,提出了总量控制下流域初始排污权的竞争性混合分配方式:一部分排污权按照现状排污比例进行分配,另一部分排污权实行竞争性分配。重点研究了排污权的竞争性分配决策:提出了由排污管理者制定柔性决策参数,排污方在柔性参数约束下进行自主竞争的初始排污权配置机制;建立了总量控制下初始排污权分配的竞争性决策模型,模拟排污方在排污管理者的总体控制下以"自身排污配比最大化"为目标通过交互评价的方式参与初始排污权的分配过程。柔性决策参数的构建反映了排污权管理者对初始排污权分配的公平性、高效性原则的整体把握;排污方在柔性权重下以"自评"和"它评"为主要形式进行交叉评价,体现了排污方在排污权分配中的"发言权"和"参与权";排污权管理者对排污方交叉评价结果的集结,实质上是对排污方之间的"利益"进行协调。在初始排污权的竞争性混合分配方式中,竞争性分配的排污权比例取决于流域内排污方的经济社会发展对排污量变化的"敏感度",排污方经济社会发展对排污量变化的"敏感度"越高,竞争性分配的比例的取值宜越小,反之越大。同时,可根据排污交易市场的建设进度,逐步提高竞争性分配排污权的比例,分阶段实现流域排污权的动态分配,最终达到对排污权进行高效、公平分配的目标。以北江流域为例进行了分析,给出了排污权分配总量中竞争性分配比例取不同值时,北江流域6个城市排污权分配的动态结果。     

我国与“一带一路”发达经济体国家贸易的竞争性与互补性研究

当前作为"一带一路"发达经济体的七国与中国的双边贸易迅猛增长,但研究两边经贸合作问题的文献相对较少,这在一定程度上出现了理论指导跟不上实践发展需要的困境。在政府推进"一带一路"建设的新形势下有必要对中国与发达经济体双边贸易的竞争性与互补性进行研究,对如何在此背景下加强双方的贸易合作提供理论基础和实证依据。     

集体经济的监管困境与基层选举差异——以东部地区为例

同是东部经济发达村庄,同样村集体经济发达,苏南、珠三角及浙江农村的村庄选举秩序却差异较大。研究发现,集体资产管理中的代理人监督问题是东部基层选举秩序差异的关键变量。制度设计上,集体资产管理制度中内含代理人监督困境。这给村干部身份预留利益空间,易引发选举竞争。苏南农村的集体资产分配中嵌入了乡镇监督,村干部开支—上级审核,代理人被监控起来,获利空间缺乏,村庄选举竞争不激烈;珠三角农村的集体资产分配中嵌入了村民监督,村干部开支—群众审议,代理人处于监督之中,获利空间透明,村庄选举竞争不激烈;浙江农村的集体资产分配中缺乏监督,村干部开支—村干部审议,代理人缺乏监控,获利空间具备,村庄选举竞争激烈。获利空间是刺激农户主动参与村庄选举的原因。一旦利益减弱,群众选举热情就会下降,基层民主政治就会面临一致性的弱竞争困境。     

紫外线辐射对小麦和燕麦竞争性平衡的影响--小麦和燕麦生物量结构与冠层结构

在模拟１５％臭氧层减薄条件下讨论了紫外线辐射增强对大田中小麦和燕麦在单独种植与混合种植时的生物量结构和冠层结构的影响。紫外辐射使两物种的生物量减少，使节间缩短，叶片着生高度下降，但使根冠比和单株有效穗数增加。两物种在单种和混种时对紫外辐射的反应有所不同，种间竞争有时加强紫外辐射的影响，但有时则又能抵消其作用。紫外辐射使竞争性平衡向有利于小麦的方向发展，这一改变可以部分地由两物种的生物量及冠层结构对     

猪粪便污染特异性分子标记筛选及其PCR检测方法的建立

肠道微生物群落在与其宿主长期协同进化过程中会形成大量的宿主-肠道微生物互作基因,这些互作基因具有一定的宿主肠道微生物特异性,利用其设计分子标记能有效识别粪便污染源.本研究首次利用竞争性杂交的方法富集猪粪便特异性基因,从中筛选出具有猪粪便特异性的基因片段,以此设计引物并建立相应的PCR检测方法,并对采集样进行应用调查.竞争性杂交富集的猪粪便特异性基因文库以拟杆菌群(Bacteroidetes)(43.2%)和梭状杆菌群(Clostridia)(19.5%)相似序列为主,其蛋白功能主要分为3大类:与信息贮存与加工有关(7.6%),与细胞加工及信息传导有关(12.8%)以及与代谢有关(22.0%).进一步针对功能蛋白序列筛选宿主粪便特异性分子标记.分析表明序列3-53-2对应引物可作为猪粪便污染的特异性分子标记,针对其建立的常规PCR方法对粪便DNA的检出限可低至0.01 ng·μL-1,且对实际样品具有较高的应用灵敏性(97%)和特异性.进一步对可能受污染水样进行猪粪便污染特异性检测,结果显示不同地区的阳性检出率高达75%~100%,证明了此方法的有效性,可为研究微生物示踪技术在非点源污染方面的应用提供一定的基础数据.     

Quantification of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by quantitative competitive PCR

The anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (ANAMMOX) bacteria were enriched from a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). A quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) system was successfully developed to detect and quantify ANAMMOX bacteria in environmental samples. For QC-PCR system, PCR primer sets targeting 16S ribosomal RNA genes of ANAMMOX bacteria were designed and used. The quantification range of this system was 4 orders of magnitude, from 103 to 106 copies per PCR, corresponding to the detection limit of 300 target copies per mL. A 312-bp internal standard was constructed, which showed very similar amplification e ciency with the target amxC fragment (349 bp) over 4 orders of magnitude (103–106). The linear regressions were obtained with R2 of 0.9824 for 103 copies, 0.9882 for 104 copies, 0.9857 for 105 copies and 0.9899 for 106 copies, respectively. Using this method, ANAMMOX bacteria were quantified in a shortcut nitrification/denitrification-anammox system which was set for piggery wastewater treatment.