Formulation and Validation of an Empirical Moisture Damage Index

An empirical moisture damage index was developed in order to reduce the subjectivity of the estimation of moisture damage in domestic residences, in relation to occupant health. The database was generated using information gathered from a sample of 164 houses that were examined by civil engineers, and questionnaire data collected from the occupants. The index was formulated to associate with the occupant reported respiratory symptoms by calculating weighted estimates of selected moisture damage attributes using 80% of the sample. The remaining 20% of the sample was used to verify the final index. The index associated strongly with the health symptoms of interest. This index is a tool that may be used as an indicator of moisture damage induced exposure in domestic residences.     

中国臭氧短期暴露与人群死亡之间关系的Meta分析研究

为探讨中国臭氧短期暴露与死亡率之间的关系，更新适用于中国本地化的暴露-反应系数，本研究全面检索了1990年1月1日-2020年1月1日在Web of Science数据库、PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方医学数据库和维普数据库上发表的文献，以"O₃/臭氧（ozone）"、"空气污染（air pollution）"、"死亡率（mortality）"、"时间序列（time-series）"，"病例交叉（case-crossover）"、"中国（China）"为关键词，对符合纳入标准的文献进行质量评价后提取相关数据，通过Meta分析方法合并估计值.结果显示，大气中臭氧浓度每增加10 μg·m^-3，人群总死亡率、心血管系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡率分别增加0.40%（95% CI：0.28%~0.52%）、0.67%（95% CI：0.46%~0.88%）、0.23%（95% CI：-0.20%~0.66%）.亚组分析结果表明，除季节外，温度、年龄、性别均不存在显著的修饰作用.本文结论可为开展城市大气污染健康风险精细化评估提供依据.     

空气污染与儿童呼吸系统患病率的相关分析

 在流行病学调查和空气污染物监测的基础上，研究讨论了儿童呼吸系统患病率与空气污染之间的相关关系，结果表明，空气中细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）与儿童呼吸系统患病率呈线性正相关关系，其影响比SO₂、Nox更密切．哮喘明显受颗粒物、SO₂、Nox的综合作用的影响．未感冒咳嗽发生率明显受细颗粒物和Nox污染综合作用的影响．     

儿童呼吸健康与颗粒物中元素浓度的关联分析

通过两步回归法研究了儿童呼吸健康与PM2．6和PM2．5－10中元素浓度的统计关联，发现了哮喘、支气管炎、气喘，慢性咳嗽和慢性咳痰与污染元素，土壤元素的某些关联性，比较了粗、细颗粒物中元素与呼吸健康反应之间的异同，提出了解释土壤元素与健康反应之间正向关联性的“土壤粒子团”假设。     

Immunotoxicity of bisphenol a to Carassius auratus Lymphocytes and macrophages following in vitro exposure

Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.     

秦皇岛市空气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响

通过分析秦皇岛市2011—2012年每日的API值及大气PM10、 SO2、 NO2的日平均浓度变化与同时期的呼吸系统疾病日门诊人数资料,建立了时间序列分析数学模型,分析了秦皇岛市主要大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病发病的关系。发现秦皇岛市大气污染物的浓度与居民呼吸系统疾病之间存在着一定的正相关性,污染物浓度升高,居民呼吸系统疾病的就诊人数随之增加。     

自吸过滤式呼吸器对人体主观舒适度的影响

测定了在中等（100W）和高等（155W）劳动强度下，8名受试者佩戴5种自吸过滤式呼吸器（呼吸阻力及死腔不同）从事踏车运动时的主观舒适度。结果表明：随着呼吸负荷增大，受试者的主观不适度显著增强；在中等运动负荷条件下，高温环境中人员对呼吸负荷主观不适度的反应更加明显；在高运动负荷条件下，常温环境人员对呼吸负荷主观不适度的反应更加明显。     

Prenatal diagnosis of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase deficiency

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain) deficiency is a severe disorder with an often early fatal outcome. Prenatal diagnosis for complex I defects currently relies mainly on biochemical assays of complex I in fetal tissues such as chorionic villi (CV), and is only in a minority of cases possible by means of mutational analysis of nuclear-encoded genes of complex I. We report on our experience to date with prenatal diagnosis in pregnancies at risk for complex I deficiency. We measured complex I activity in native CV and/or cultured CV in 23 pregnancies in 15 families. In accordance with the results of the investigations in CV, 15 children were born clinically unaffected. Two prenatally diagnosed unaffected fetuses and two prenatally diagnosed affected fetuses were lost prematurely with spontaneous or provoked abortions, respectively. Two affected children were born (prenatally found to be affected). In two pregnancies a discrepancy between native and cultured cells was found. We conclude that prenatal diagnosis for complex I deficiency can be reliably performed. Pitfalls were encountered in using cultured CV as a result of maternal cell contamination (MCC). Future research on pathogenic nuclear mutations underlying complex I deficiency will extend the possibilities for prenatal diagnosis at the molecular level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境条件对遵义市呼吸系统疾病的影响及预测研究

为探究气象和空气污染等环境条件对呼吸系统疾病发病的影响,为遵义地区相关疾病预防提供科学依据,采用分布滞后非线性模型和广义线性、相加模型,利用当地气象和污染资料,分析了2012~2016年遵义市气象环境要素对呼吸系统疾病发病的影响.结果显示,遵义市呼吸系统疾病发病状况与当地长期气候状态基本保持一致,气候效应对其的影响占主导作用,其中,冬季为呼吸系统疾病高发期,立秋至处暑前后其发病人数最少,表明此时间段内当地气候条件对呼吸系统疾病患者有气候疗养效应.气温对呼吸系统疾病发病的影响以低温滞后效应为主,在其敏感阈值附近气温每变化1℃,发病人数将累积增加31.6%（95% CI：4.4%~65.8%）;气压以高压滞后效应为主,相对湿度则在低湿部分同时有即时和滞后效应.舒适度对呼吸系统疾病的影响,在冷、热斜胁迫下其发病人数明显多于舒适状况时.PM_2.5、SO₂和NO₂三种污染物的影响都以即时效应为主,而CO则在累积滞后lag04时相对危险度最高,PM_2.5与呼吸系统疾病发病人数的暴露-反应曲线呈单调线性分布,SO₂、NO₂和CO均为“J”型分布.低温与高浓度NO₂或者低湿与高浓度SO₂的协同作用对呼吸系统疾病的影响较大.建立的全年和季节多元逐步回归方程的试预报准确率在75%以上（夏季除外）,其中分季节建模预测效果显著优于全年预测效果.     

沈阳市PM2.5离子成分对呼吸疾病门诊数影响研究

采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制了长期趋势、"星期几效应"和气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析沈阳市大气污染物及PM_2.5中水溶性离子对呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊人数的影响,并按性别和年龄分层建模.结果表明：PM_2.5及其各离子成分与呼吸系统疾病门诊人数之间存在关联,并有明显的滞后效应.受冬季供暖燃煤排放影响,PM_2.5、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺呈显著关联,在滞后累积2d后风险最大.最佳滞后时间下,PM_2.5的浓度每增加10µg/m³,对应呼吸系统疾病日门诊就诊人数增加百分比（ER）为1.31%（95% CI：1.2%~1.43%）;离子成分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺的浓度每增加1个4分位间距（IQR）,对应的呼吸系统疾病日门诊就诊人数增加百分比（ER）分别为3.22%（95% CI：2.81%~3.62%）、4.67%（95% CI：4.13%~5.22%）、5.41%（95% CI：4.49%~6.33%）、7.38%（95% CI：3.91%~10.96%）、0.14%（95% CI：-6.34%~7.07%）、7.64%（95% CI：-11.87%~31.47%）、3.57%（95% CI：-2.83%~10.39%）和0.46%（95% CI：-16.64%~21.06%）.PM_2.5、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺对女性呼吸疾病门诊人数的影响比对男性的影响大.PM_2.5、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Na⁺对≥65岁的老人门诊人数的影响比对15~65岁劳动年龄人群的影响大.表明不同性别、不同年龄由于生理结构和环境因素的不同而引起的差异不同.