滇池鲤鱼的背景元素调查

通过滇池鲤鱼与松花坝水库和国内外同类鲤鱼的元素含量对比,确认滇池鲤鱼受工业污水的危害影响主要是As、Se。鱼体As、Se含量目前已经超过正常值,Ni、Cr、Cu、Fe、Pb比正常值偏低,其它元素属正常值范围。为了避免过多的元素富集,建议滇池鲤鱼以半年到一年为生长捕捞期为宜。     

双道HG-AFS同时测定鲤鱼肝脏中痕量Hg和As

应用氢化物原子荧光法,测定鲤鱼肝脏中痕量Hg和As,该法具有原子吸收和原子发射光谱两种技术优势,同时它具有分析灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,可多元素同时测定等优点;在KBH4-酸还原体系中同时测定鱼肝中Hg和As,方法检出限分别为Hg:0.33ng/ml和As0.36ng/ml,线性范围分别为:0.1-2.0ng/ml和1.0-20.0ng/ml。加标回收率分别为Hg:96.0%和As:100.6%。分析结果可靠,方法令人满意,并适合大批量样品的分析。     

Effects of different inorganic arsenic species in Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) tissues after short-time exposure: Bioaccumulation, biotransformation and biological responses

Differences in the toxicological and metabolic pathway of inorganic arsenic compounds are largely unknown for aquatic species. In the present study the effects of short-time and acute exposure to As^III and As^V were investigated in gills and liver of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae), measuring accumulation and chemical speciation of arsenic, and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase omega (GST Ω), the rate limiting enzyme in biotransformation of inorganic arsenic. Oxidative biomarkers included antioxidant defenses (total glutathione-S-transferases, glutathione reductase, glutathione, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), total scavenging capacity toward peroxyl radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement and lipid peroxidation products. A marked accumulation of arsenic was observed only in gills of carps exposed to 1000 ppb As^V. Also in gills, antioxidant responses were mostly modulated through a significant induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity which probably contributed to reduce ROS formation; however this increase was not sufficient to prevent lipid peroxidation. No changes in metal content were measured in liver of exposed carps, characterized by lower activity of GST Ω compared to gills. On the other hand, glutathione metabolism was more sensitive in liver tissue, where a significant inhibition of glutathione reductase was concomitant with increased levels of glutathione and higher total antioxidant capacity toward peroxyl radicals, thus preventing lipid peroxidation and ROS production. The overall results of this study indicated that exposure of C. carpio to As^III and As^V can induce different responses in gills and liver of this aquatic organism.     

Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on speciation and bioavailability of arsenite

In this study, the influence of the co-existence of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the speciation of arsenite [As(III)] was studied by observing its adsorption and valence changing. Moreover, the influence of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the bioavailability of As(III) was examined by bioaccumulation test using carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that TiO₂ nanoparticles have a significant adsorption capacity for As (III). Equilibrium was established within 30 min, with about 30% of the initial As (III) being adsorbed onto TiO₂ nanoparticles. Most of aqueous As (III) was oxidized to As(V) in the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles under sunlight. The carp accumulated considerably more As in the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles than in the absence of TiO₂ nanoparticles, and after 25-day exposure, As concentration in carp increased by 44%. Accumulation of As in viscera, gills and muscle of the carp was significantly enhanced by the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles.     

滇池烷基苯磺酸钠的分布,降解及对鲤鱼的危害效应

研究表明滇池水中ＬＡＳ含量为０．０１８～０．０２９ｍｇ／ｌ，局部水域达０．２～０．７ｍｇ／ｌ；ＡＢＳ强烈地吸附在底质中，以湖体呈曲线分布，平均含量高达０．４３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，１６ｈ内ＬＡＳ动态降解率比静态降解率高２．２倍，不同浓度的ＬＡＳ对滇池鲤鱼的结果表明，５～３５ｍｇ／ｌ浓度水中，溶解氧下降，ｐＨ值升高，产生急性危害效应，半致死浓度４８ＴＬ５０为３．０ｍｇ／ｌ，完全浓度为０．３ｍｇ／ｌ。当ＬＡＳ含     

双道HG—AFS同时测定鲤鱼肝脏中痕量Hg和As

应用氢化物原子荧光法,测定鲤鱼肝脏中痕量Hg和As,该法具有原子吸收和原子发射光谱两种技术优势,同时它具有分析灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,可多元素同时测定等优点;在KBH4-酸还原体系中同时测定鱼肝中Hg和As,方法检出限分别为Hg：0．33ng／ml和As0．36ng／ml,线性范围分别为：0.1—2.0ng／ml和1．0—20．0ng／ml。加标回收率分别为Hg：96．0％和As：100．6％。分析结果可靠,方法令人满意,并适合大批量样品的分析.     

杂食性鱼类排泄物中藻类光能活性研究

借助叶绿素荧光技术,通过对杂食性鱼类鲫鱼(Crucian Carp)和金鲫鱼(Gold Crucian Carp)摄食微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa)后排泄物的培养,从鱼类排泄物藻类叶绿素荧光活性的角度探讨了杂食性鱼类在控藻上的应用.结果表明,鱼类摄食对微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数均有显著影响(P<0.05).鲫鱼组的叶绿素荧光参数ΦPSII从第3d开始,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ETR和qP从第5d开始随培养时间的延长而增加,而NPQ始终呈下降趋势.金鲫鱼组的叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP)在培养期间一直呈降低趋势.鲫鱼组的Chl a浓度与细胞密度在培养期间先下降再上升,最后恢复至对照组水平,且Chl a浓度同部分叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII)呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01);金鲫鱼组的Chl a浓度与细胞密度于实验期间均下降,实验期间一直低于对照组,且两参数均与叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).可见,微囊藻经鲫鱼摄食后,其叶绿素光合及生长活性经过短暂的下降后会逐渐恢复,而金鲫鱼可有效降低微囊藻活性,但金鲫鱼作为一种观赏鱼类,不适宜在大面积水体放养.     

双酚A对鲤鱼急性和亚急性毒性的研究

以8月龄至1年龄的鲤鱼为实验对象,研究双酚A(BPA)对鲤鱼(CommonCarp)的急性毒性和双酚A在1/2LD50,1/3LD50,1/4LD50,1/6LD50亚急性浓度下,对鲤鱼肝、肾、鳃中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响.结果表明:双酚A24h,48h,96h的LC50值分别为4.46mg·l-1,4.30mg·l-1,4.25mg·l-1;亚急性毒性指标CAT和SOD对双酚A比较敏感,可作为双酚A污染环境的生物标志物.     

对氯硝基苯对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的急性毒性试验

采用静态式致毒法进行了化学污染物对氯硝基苯(p-chloronitrobenzene,P-NCB)对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的急性毒性试验,旨在确定水环境中低质量浓度对氯硝基苯对水生生物的急性毒性效应,为水质监测指标的完善和生态安全评价提供依据。当锦鲤暴露于对氯硝基苯试液中96h,24h100%死亡质量浓度(24hLC100)和96h无死亡质量浓度(96hLC0)分别为40mg·L-1和5mg·L-1,此时测得试液中COD值分别为29.77mg·L-1和28.24mg·L-1。在25～27℃下,24、48、72、96h的LC50分别为30.83、28.84、23.60、22.13mg·L-1。该研究结果表明,对氯硝基苯属于高毒物质,水环境中对氯硝基苯质量浓度与TOC(total organic carbon)成正相关,但其对常规水质监测指标COD(chemical oxygen demand)贡献很小,COD不能反映水环境中低质量浓度有机毒物对水生生物的毒性影响。     

多氯联苯对鲫鱼血液电解质的影响

研究了水中多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）对鲫鱼血液电解质平衡的影响。结果显示鲫鱼在受到ＰＣＢｓ污染后,血清中电解质的平衡会受到影响。在本实验范围内,Ｎａ＾＋的含量明显高于正常水平,并随试验浓度的增加而逐步升高,同时随暴露时间的增长而升高;Ｋ＾＋含量低于正常值,并随试验浓度的增加而降低,同时随暴露时间的增长而降低;而对于Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋的影响无显著变化规律。